Free Trade Agreement And Its Affect On Canadian Business Essays

Free Trade Agreement and Its Affect on Canadian Business With the coming of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) there have been very serious implications for Canadian business and for that matter, Canada as a whole. Many aspects of the previous economic climate have changed such as the reduction or eliminatation of tariffs and the restrictions on subsidies to name only a few. There has been much heated debate on the pros and cons of this deal: whether Canada will prosper or become the 51st. American state. This paper will not take this approach to the issue of whether or not it is a wise agreement, but will look at what business can do to better itself with the existing FTA. If Canadian business is to survive and prosper in this radically changed North American and Global atmosphere of easier trading, then it must adapt. Some of the main areas that will have to be addressed is the need for more productive and efficient operations, a new focus by business on the new trading reality, and a change in policies by Government to enable Canada to function better with the FTA. The FTA stands to alter Canadian business which has grown rather relaxed and inefficient behind walls of tarrifs. While these may have initially spurred industry, they have after time encouraged complacency. With these rapidly disappearing walls, business will have to become "lean and mean" in order to compete in a very competitive global market. Looking at the present state of affairs our status in research and development (R&D), labour costs and expansion, there is much that must be done. Compared to the other industrialized western nations we lag far behind in nearly all areas. Take for example R&D. In 1990 Canada spent approximately 2.1% on R&D. Japan spent 5.6% and Germany 4.8% Even the US spend more at 3.1%. Given these statistics, it will be very difficult for Canada to compete in any form of new technology if all parties are on a level field with less protective trade barriers. Another reason for a dire need for an increase in efficiency is the trade relationship we are currently involved in. While countries in say the EEC are in more or less the same economic power bracket between Canada and the US, there is a major size difference. So if we are to have any hope of competing with a power so large clearly we must become more efficient even more so than other countries. Another key aspect which business must deal with is that of becoming better suited to dealing with the North American, and to a lesser extent, other foreign markets rather than only to Canadian or even in some cases, to provincial markets. Corporations which do so stand far better of to gain from the FTA than those that do not. It would be wise for the example of Northern Telcom Ltd. to be followed. Where production and market presence are global and not just Canadian. Unfortunately many companies are not following this example and are still very much "Canadian" in their outlook. According to a Toronto Management consulting firm - Ernst and Young 62% of all Canadian manufacturers have no significant exports to the US. As Al Lituka a Professor at York, says: "The FTA has gven a strong phsycological impetus to thinking North American". 1 One trend of becoming better oriented for new markets is that of specialization. By taking a "niche" in the market and becoming very profficiant in it has proven to be very successful, as has also been the case with Northern Telecom Ltd. with its many hi- tech telecommunications equipment. Another example, albiet one in Europe, is Aerospatible, a French areospace firm. Through creating a superior product the Airbus commercial passenger plane, they have been able to capture a large share of the market even though France has never been considered a large power in production before and lacks the manufactuing ability of the US or Germany. Another trend is that of US and Canadian firms banding together. This makes a great deal of sense since not only can they handle the North American market in a more unified fashion, but they are stronger and thus more able to compete with Japanese and EEC competitors. Many multi-national corporations are following this continental incorporation to take advantage of the realigned tarrifs. One such company is Procter and Gamble. Before the FTA they had separate US and Canadian offices for marketing and production which resulted in a considerable duplication of tasks.

Poli-Sci essays

Poli-Sci essays In our society government system programs often do reach those people who are in need the most. In the 1960s there was a war on poverty and $7 billion dollars was put into this war by federal, state, and local governments. Even though there was so much money invested, the poor remained largely untouched. Programs such as Social Security, workers compensation, unemployment, and disability, distribute far more money to the middle class than to the lower ones. There are some programs that actually work, but those still only reach the minority of those actually in need. Programs such as Medicaid, food stamps, subsidized housing, and unemployment benefits are a few that actually help. The way these programs were run, appear to be radical liberalist. It appears that they put an effort in to help the poor, but did not take the time to see if it was going to the right people. Things have just gotten worse many cuts have taken place in the programs and the money is being moved to plac es where the more powerful want it. As they take away these programs, Classic liberalism is becoming more into view. Any chance for the poor to move into higher class gets slimmer and slimmer. This leaves the poor to subservience to the rich. In our society the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. This is not the way it should be, there needs to be more programs for the needy and all that power needs to be taken away from the oligarchs, hiding in the system to make themselves richer. Housing is another policy that reflects the many inequalities in our society. Homeowners in the richest 20% of our population receive almost 60% of housing subsidies in the form of property tax exemptions, interest deductions, and capital gains deferral on housing sales. Only one-quarter of poor households receive any kind of housing subsidy. In policies like these it is just the rich trying to help the rich make more money. Obviously this ...

The importance of exchange rate regimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The importance of exchange rate regimes - Essay Example In terms of monetary policy (management of money and interest rates), the exchange rate is managed by a country through its exchange rate regime, an organized set of rules through which a nation’s exchange rate is established, especially the way the monetary or other government authorities are or are not involved in the foreign exchange market. These regimes include floating exchange rates, pegged exchange rates, managed float, crawling peg, currency board and exchange controls. It is the manner in which a country manages its currency in vis-à  -vis foreign countries and the foreign exchange market.  Dornbusch et al. (1999) differentiates the fixed and floating exchange rate regimes through the following: in a fixed exchange rate system, foreign central banks stand ready to buy and sell their currencies at a fixed price in terms of another currency, for example, dollars. From the end of the second world war up to 1973, major countries had fixed exchange rates against one an other. Presently, there are still those that use the system while others prefer to use the floating exchange rate. Recent developments include the revaluation of the Chinese yuan in July 2005 in which Chinese monetary authorities decided to allow the currency to gradually â€Å"float† against the dollar. By contrast, the central banks allow the exchange rate to adjust to equate the supply and demand for foreign currency in a floating exchange rate system.   Dornbusch et al. (2003) divides such exchange rate regime into three more subsystems.... Mishkin (2003) defines the exchange rate as the price of one currency in terms of another (say euros per dollar) and it is in the foreign exchange market that they are determined. In terms of monetary policy (management of money and interest rates), the exchange rate is managed by a country through its exchange rate regime, an organized set of rules through which a nation's exchange rate is established, especially the way the monetary or other government authorities are or are not involved in the foreign exchange market. These regimes include floating exchange rates, pegged exchange rates, managed float, crawling peg, currency board and exchange controls. It is the manner in which a country manages its currency in vis--vis foreign countries and the foreign exchange market. Dornbusch et al. (1999) differentiates the fixed and floating exchange rate regimes through the following: in a fixed exchange rate system, foreign central banks stand ready to buy and sell their currencies at a fixed price in terms of another currency, for example, dollars. From the end of the second world war up to 1973, major countries had fixed exchange rates against one another. Presently, there are still those that use the system while others prefer to use the floating exchange rate. Recent developments include the revaluation of the Chinese yuan in July 2005 in which Chinese monetary authorities decided to allow the currency to gradually "float" against the dollar. By contrast, the central banks allow the exchange rate to adjust to equate the supply and demand for foreign currency in a floating exchange rate system.1 Dornbusch et al. (2003) divides such exchange rate regime into

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 25

Globalization - Essay Example stations globalization includes increase in the rate of international trade, multi-national companies, high dependency on the global economy, free movement of goods, services, and capital. Globalization also refers to the ease of movement across national borders, technology, investment, labor, and finance. The speedy rise of globalization has been due to the efforts by international bodies like the IMF and WTO that have reduced trade barriers (Michie, 2011). Globalization manifests itself through technological advancement. In fact, it is through technology that the world can communicate and connect without boundaries. Information technology is the basis for the modern economic growth that also translates to increased globalization (Michie, 2011). Globalization, therefore, manifests itself in the manner in which investors, consumers, and businesses sue modest tools to identify and pursue their economic opportunities. Other manifestations of globalization include the extent in which companies analyze economic trends worldwide, easy assets transfer and strategic collaborations (Herzog, 2014). Nonetheless, the existence of transnational corporations shows how the world has become a single and unique market. On the other hand, the improved supply chains is an indication that globalization is transforming the world. For instance, China manufactures goods which in turn get exported to Fiji for finishing and the products find their way to Sydne y for sale. The above is an example of global supply chain that is a manifestation of globalization. The primary advantage of globalization is that it has improved the way people receive and send information (Herzog, 2014). Communication has improved tremendously save to globalization that puts no boundaries for people to interact. Another advantage is that globalization has improved the world’s economy. The removal of trade barriers and ease of access to foreign markets is mainly because of globalization (Herzog, 2014). Due to

CASE STUDY ----- Accsys Technologies PLC Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

----- Accsys Technologies PLC - Case Study Example This paper will analyze the financial statements and annual reports of the company and identify three areas of heightened audit risk in the auditing of the company this year. In addition, the paper will explain the reasons for five substantive audit procedures in relation to the areas of heightened audit risk identified. From the annual report of the company, it is evident that there are some areas that require heightened audit risk this year. One of the areas in the company that has heightened audit risk is the operating costs. There was an increase in the operating costs of the company by 11%. While the figure was 13.5 million pounds in 2013, it rose to 15 million pounds in 2014. This resulted from high costs of administration that the organization incurred during the year. Moreover, there were legal costs that resulted from the arbitration process related to the Diamond Wood. The cost of staff also increased by 9% and this was as a result of the increase in head count (ACCSYS TECHNOLGIES 2015). Operating costs is an area of heightened risk audit in this company since they determine whether the costs incurred by the company are being used to cover the relevant expenses. In addition, costs determine whether there is effective management of costs in the organization and ascertain whether there are activities that contribute to the wastage of the company’s resources. For Accsys Technologies PLC, operating costs represent an area of heightened risk since they keep on increasing and might affect the profitability of the company, as well as the initial business plan of the organization. With proper auditing of the costs such as staff costs, the management can make adjustments to the operations of the organization and ensure that the company is in the right track (ACCSYS TECHNOLGIES 2015). Another area of heightened audit risk in the audit of the company this year is

family therapy

family therapy The concept of family therapy is perceived as a form of psychotherapy involving all the members of the nuclear family. Family therapy should be conducted by a team of therapists or at least a pair. In many situations the team should consist of a man and a woman so as to treat gender related issues used as a role model to the members of the family in question. The family therapy models are based on psychodynamic principles or behaviors while others are based on family systems theories which regard a family as a unit of treatment, as a whole while emphasizing on such values as communication patterns as opposed to traits and relationships (Medical Psychology, 2009, p. 1). The history of Murray Bowen interest in psychiatry as a physician dates back to 2nd world War. After the War Bowen became trained and worked at the Menninger Clinic at Kansas: Topeka which is very famous; founded by two brothers who were practitioners of psychoanalytic technique in psychiatry. Bowen had a feeling of confusion as well trapped at the Menninger dynamics. The particular issue that gave him distress was the manner in which the two brothers and the employees were involving patients and other employees in crazy making interactions. He realized that he was in a position to think of the problem in the clinic while traveling but could become dysfunctional immediately he reported back to work. He discovered that the families of schizophrenic patients who were victims of the War communicated in disturbed manner. The patients symptoms were noted to rise or fall dependent on the tension between the parents (Medical Psychology, 2009, p. 1). Bowen came to a realization that he could be able to think more clearly of his own family of origin dynamics in those times that he spent away form his family of origin. He discovered that family members had a tendency to complain to him of other familys members without talking directly to the persons about the problem. He came to a realization that he could be in a position to think more clearly of what was happening when not communicating with any of the family members encountering more difficulties when communication with the complainant (Medical Psychology, 2009, p. 1). Its based on these observations that he set a course towards deliberately changing his own ways of interacting with his family. In a speech he delivered in a professional meeting he disclosed his endeavor in the family approach breaking therapist tradition of never disclosing own family information and published a paper that became very famous on his family of origin known as Framo in 1972 (Medical Psychology, 2009, p. 1). Bowen theorized that people who are mentally ill were caught in the pattern of their families fusion or undifferentiated ego mass to an extent that they are symptoms careers for the illness of the entire family rather than characterologically flawed ill. Bowen would hospitalize the entire family so that he could treat the emotional problem rather than offer treatment to the individual (Medical Psychology, 2009, p. 1). The key concepts in the in Bowens family psychodynamics included: Differentiated self; the concept of differentiation of self refers to an individuals ability to maintain strong sense of self while still maintaining strong connectivity with a strong emotional system. A person is able to differentiate what one thinks and feels as separated from system dynamics whereby an individual is able to think and act on his/ her own opinion with no influence from the family members influence; acting on personal judgment. Such a person can have other peoples opinions and advice but make an independent decision. Bowen notes that differentiation of the self in a family dynamic as opposed to an individual characteristic. The process is observable through friendship, family or work. A person should get to a level of differentiating emotions from thoughts (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 140). Fusion; is the opposite of self differentiation where Bowen noted that all people endeavor to balance intimacy from autonomy. Without autonomy one may not be able to think for him/herself. This leads to easily being swayed by other peoples opinions and feelings emanating from the natural tendency to feel connected and have intimacy with others. On the other hand there is a feeling of anxiety when we start losing our autonomy hence an attempt to develop a separate self. Bowen hence argues that most of behaviors are the rational attempts to balance between the separateness and the natural togetherness. The fusion of anxiety leads to emotionality and reactivity under stress (Titelman, 1998, p. 21). Triangulation: Bowen pointed out that emotionally significant relationships are shadowed by third parties who may include; relatives, workmates and the work itself, objects and memories. He noted that relationships are dynamics where there are cycles of closeness of distance whereby triangles may develop during distance times. In a situation where one person undergoes through more distress he/she is likely to identify another person elsewhere so as to have an ally. Sometimes the significant other may offer help when they sense conflict (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 137). Counselors role The role of counselor in the process of development of psychodynamic approaches within family systems therapy as presented by Bowen revolves around the goals of therapy. One of the major goals of this therapy is to reduce anxiety as one increases differentiation of self. Its incumbent for the councilor first to note the problem in the patient and help the client first accept that they have a problem. Any healing process will emanate from admitting that indeed the problem exists (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 137-171). The councilor has a role to use his/her experience in tracing the family pattern. As Bowen argues a client is symptom carrier for the entire nuclear family and hence an attempt to treat the patient without treating the entire family will be just cooling the problem for sometime for the root of the problem is not identified; tracing the family pattern helps the councilor to understand the core of the problem so as to offer cure to the sickness rather than to the symptoms. The counselor will do this through paying attention to patterns of emotional reactivity and paying attention to the structures that includes interlocking triangles (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 137-171). The counselor should endeavor to create a connection with the family members while working on their levels of anxiety and emotional arousals in the entire system. He/she should also define parameters of central symptomatic triangles. The therapist should remain free of emotional entanglement so that he will not feel stuck. He should coach the client in that the client will cultivate responses. He should be clear to the client of what he feels, not giving confusing sentiments (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 137-171). The role of a client in the Bowens model to the development of psychodynamic approaches within family systems therapy facilitates the treatment process. The greatest role of a client is to show cooperation in the therapy process, as mach as a counselor may have the relevant experience, the success of this therapy is dependent on the client. Since the councilor takes the role of a couch the client will have to obey the couch to get over the problem. He should answer the questions directed to him/her truthfully. The client should create conducive environment that will enable the counselor to offer the necessary help. For example in the tracing of the family patterns a therapist can not be able to do it without the assistance of the client. This calls for trust and openness on the part of the client towards the counselor (Williamson, 2002, p, 115- 117). The client will have to accept that they have a problem and realize the need for securing solution. The client should be keen to listen to the instructions commit themselves to the healing process by comply with and implement all the instructions to the letter. The client should have readjustment of the mind. If he/she has always believed that he can only make a decision based on what others especially family members say, then such calls for an absolute turn to making decisions based on own personality (Williamson, 2002, p. 115- 117). Advantages and limitations of Bowens family therapy This model on family therapy is one of the most distinctive models for its in-depth approach an evaluation of the family beyond the symptoms in the present. The focus which it takes in the on the emotional process over individuals or generations differentiation in their systematic context does offer a therapist a multi level view which has been reserved for psychodynamic therapies (Corey, 2005, p. 421-424). The approach is able to pay attention to the emotional interaction of the therapist as well as that of their client. This process expects that in one way or the other a therapists life applies to the therapy process in one way or the other. In this way the therapist is able to remain Meta to the clients family system (Corey, 2005, p. 421-424). Research has identified family therapy system as having several advantages. Its principles have been used by many therapists in family settings. The approach has an advantage of broadening the perception of a therapist through incorporation of the family system theory in therapy process. It provides a practitioner with a holistic perception of the problem in question and hence easily come up with treatment measures (SPB, 2007, para. 4). It also has strength in relation to developing a solution to a problem in that it takes into account the congregation as a whole. It considers a family as a living organism which is continually affected by all the elements that comprise the whole (Prest Protinskey, 1993, 352-360). Hence it provides a global view of an individual with a problem and his/her social constructs; it may offer a more exhaustive therapy in light of this (Carr, 2006, p. 56). Some of the limitations that that have been outlined in relation to Bowens model include: therapist have identified that its not always possible to integrate the entire family into the treatment process; even though if a therapist is able to change an individual to fit into the system, he/she will play a key role in bringing the entire family into the healing process. Bowens family therapy model is found to ignore many of the positive roles of familys togetherness and may be malfunctioned to an individual from collective cultures. Critique to Bowens approach Bowens model of family theory has not escaped the eyes of rational criticism on its approach to the concept of family therapy; several of Bowens therapists have acknowledged that wider focus on the approach by Bowen can be a drawback since many clients are focusing only on addressing symptoms relief n nuclear family. They argue that the symptom reduction approach by Bowen is perceived just a groundwork from which families are free to proceed to less anxiously to working on de-triangling and enhanced levels of differentiation. In this lies a clear risk of discrepancies in client and therapist purposes (Kerr Bowen, 1988, p. 395). The approach has been criticized as having paid too much attention on mothers contribution in the symptom development in children. Some evidence to the allegation can be found by scanning the index to Kerr and Bowen (1988). In the two theorists publications fathers do not affirm a category yet mothers are referenced in relation to families of schizophrenics, levels of differentiation in the child, and their role in triangles (Kerr Bowen, 1988, p. 395). They have been criticized as having failed to contextualize maternal behavior. Patriarchal supposition regarding male / female roles along with family organization are not recognized or critiqued, leaving women susceptible to having their socially approved roles pathologised. Women are readily labeled as over fretful, and their vigorous, relational role in families too effortlessly labeled as undifferentiated. There is no puzzlement of societal norms that can be seen to [school] females into undifferentiating by teaching them always to put others needs first (Corey, 2005, p. 421-424). Conclusion Bowen has been recorded as being among the first people to pioneer the network of family relationships. His family system therapy has a very comprehensive view of human behavior and relationships (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 317). In his theoretical formulations he talked about differentiation of self, triangulation, nuclear family emotional process, family projection process, and Multigenerational Transmission Process. Basically family therapy system represents a hypothesis which perceives a family as an emotional unit which employs system thinking in the description of a complex interaction within that unit. The model has been utilized by many therapists in transforming marriages and familys life. It has clearly showed the connection between an individuals problem to role of the family in extrapolating of the problem. The model attempts to explain the need of individuals in a family setting developing individuality. The model has profoundly showed the effect of each others thought feelings and action to an individual. It uses systematic thinking n describing complex interaction of a family that is considered as an emotional unit. The theory is based on the principle of interconnectivity and reactivity in a familys emotional setting. The model observes a clients problematic behavior as serving a function for the family. The individual problematic behavior may also serve as a familys inability in productivity.teh maladaptive behavior may be a manifestation of dysfunctional patters that have been passed down from one generation to another (Corey, 2001, p. 384-451). References Medical Psychology. (2009). Family Therapy. Retrieved on 17th January, 2010 from: http://www.answers.com/library/Medical+Encyclopedia-cid-2882124 Nichols, M. Schwartz, R. (2001). Bowen family system therapy. In M. P. Nichols R. C. Schwartz, Family therapy: Concepts and methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Williamson, S. (2002). The Intimacy Paradox: Personal Authority in the Family System The Guilford Family Therapy Series, New York, NY: Guilford Press. Titelman, P. (1998). Clinical Applications of Bowen Family Systems Theory: Haworth marriage and the family. New York, NY: Rutledge. Corey, G. (2005). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. New Jersey, NJ: Cengage Learning, 2005 Michael, E. (1988). Murray Bowen Family evaluation: an approach based on Bowen theory. London, UK: Norton. Prest, L. Protinsky, H. (1993). Family systems theory: A unifying framework for the codependence. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 21(4), 352-360. Carr, A. (2006). Family Therapy: Concepts, Process and Practice, 2nd Edition. London, UK: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Social Psychology Blog 2. (2007). A Theoretical Overview of Family Systems Theory within the Discipline of Social Psychology. Retrieved on 17th January, 2010 from: http://secondattemptatblog.blogspot.com/2007/10/blog-2-theroretical-overview-of-family.html Corey, G. (2001). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 6th Edition. Stamford: Brooks/Cole Publishing, 384-451.

Essay --

Phoenix Jackson’s Journey The character of Phoenix is the protagonist in the â€Å"A Worn Path,† written by Eudora Welty. She is proud, loving, and determined. You see Phoenix Jackson on her long and difficult journey to get medicine for her sick grandson. The story is told from the third-person point of view. Though she was faced with many obstacles on her journey to the city, through the devotion and love she had for her grandson we see what type of person she really is. Phoenix Jackson survives the great depression, which tells us that she is an older woman who is very wise, and maybe a little scattered. In the beginning of the story, Phoenix is on a journey, she walks slowly in the dark pine shadows through the pinewoods. The author introduces Phoenix, as an old black woman and the author writes, â€Å"Far out in the country there was an old Negro woman with her head tied in a red rag, coming along the path through the pinewoods† (183). The reason why she is taking such a long trip into town is because her grandson is very sick, and she needs to get medication for his throat. Despite P... Essay -- Phoenix Jackson’s Journey The character of Phoenix is the protagonist in the â€Å"A Worn Path,† written by Eudora Welty. She is proud, loving, and determined. You see Phoenix Jackson on her long and difficult journey to get medicine for her sick grandson. The story is told from the third-person point of view. Though she was faced with many obstacles on her journey to the city, through the devotion and love she had for her grandson we see what type of person she really is. Phoenix Jackson survives the great depression, which tells us that she is an older woman who is very wise, and maybe a little scattered. In the beginning of the story, Phoenix is on a journey, she walks slowly in the dark pine shadows through the pinewoods. The author introduces Phoenix, as an old black woman and the author writes, â€Å"Far out in the country there was an old Negro woman with her head tied in a red rag, coming along the path through the pinewoods† (183). The reason why she is taking such a long trip into town is because her grandson is very sick, and she needs to get medication for his throat. Despite P...

Logistics Readiness

Logistics came from the word logos (), which means â€Å"calculation, ratio, reason, speech and oration.† Since ancient times, logistics is already used to supply, move and maintain armies especially during war time. Historical leaders such as Alexander the Great, Hannibal Barca, and the Duke of Wellington are said to be logistical geniuses who mobilized their army through great distances, and won numerous battles. During World War II, logistics played an important role for the United States since the resources is during that time is limited due to the depression and most of the battles happened in enemy territories in Europe. Today, logistics is now also known as supply chain management (SCM) and defined as the art and science of planning, operation, control, design and development, procurement, inventory, maintenance, storage, distribution and replacement of personnel, materials, supplies and other resources. (LogisticsWorld) Logistics or SCM does not only apply to the military but to business, production and trade well. The main objective of logistics is simple, that is, to use the resources without waste to meet or exceed the demands of the party in need. These resources that must be minimized (or sometimes maximized) include fuel, personnel, equipment, storage facilities, handling facilities, transport vehicles and most importantly, time and money. There are two criteria for which all logistics decisions and policies are based. These are production efficiency and effectiveness. (Eccles, 1959) By using the resources efficiently and effectively is to have the advantage of getting bigger opportunities, higher revenues, strategic advantage in coverage and location, and preparedness for crucial events that might happen. Developed from James A. Huston’s Sinews of War are some of the important principles considered in logistics. These principles are: Timing. Should be relative to the objective and dependent in the level of procurement, whether a high-level or a just simply a tactical supply. Proper timing is important especially when certain risks are involved in accomplishing a certain task. Feasibility. Logistics planning and design should also consider the organization’s capabilities of carrying out orders. It is crucial to determine whether the organization can possibly accomplish the task given the difficulty of the demands. Flexibility. A logistics organization must be capable of adapting to new or changes in requirements or terrain conditions. A logistics organization must be able to convert according to the present conditions or problems that are encountered anytime along the way. Information. Accurate and up-to-date information on every aspect is vital to logistics planning and distribution. False or unseen information may lead to accidents or loss of revenue. Economics. Resources allocated for logistics are almost always limited and it is necessary to use them in the best way to achieve or exceed the primary goal. Relativity. Logistics activity is all relative to time, location, availability of resources and circumstances and can never be absolute. Each logistic activity is unique and changes according to different conditions and demands. Location is also an important factor being considered in logistics. This applies for both the distribution center and the destinations at which the required product or good is needed. It is crucial to determine the location in logistics as it determines the distance, total time needed to travel, and how big is the coverage of the distribution center at which it can deliver the desired goods at minimized cost. The nearer the location of the distribution center, the shorter the time it takes to deliver and the lesser the cost of travel that will be used. Location does not only mean the distance but also the topography of the region. The topography of the place between the source and destination dictates the appropriate or best mode of transport that should be used. For example, to deliver supplies in mountainous area from a lowland city, the best way to deliver the product or good in a time-efficient manner is through air by helicopters. But if there is an acceptable and safe road present towards the destination, delivering by land is more cost-efficient. To attain higher logistic efficiency, there are a lot of factors that are involved depending on the demands and level of procurement. Location is only one but an important factor that must be considered to have a more efficient and effective method of procurement and distribution of goods. Some of these factors include: the distribution strategy; resource availability; network configuration, and; inventory management. Logistics, added with efficiency and effectiveness translates to power. (Boutelle, 2007) This applies to both the military and in trade & industry. Logistics can be seen as military power or economic power depending on the one who perceives it. As of today, the United States military does not content itself of having the most powerful army, but now also develop ways in order to create a the most cost-effective military that can withstand the long-term war on terrorism. The knowledge and foresight of supply and movement factors are the basis of a logistician’s plan. Only then he can know when and how to take risks that will win him battles and achieve the ultimate goal; which is the betterment of his fellow men. (Wavell, 1946) References: Boutelle, L. G. (2007). CIO View. Retrieved August 18, 2007, from Defense Systems Website: http://www.defensesystems.com/issues/1_5/cio_view/464-1.html Cox, M. D. (1999, September). LogisticsWorld. Retrieved August 17, 2007, from LogisticsWorld Website: http://www.logisticsworld.com/logistics.htm Eccles, A. H. (1959). Logistics in the National Defense. Harrisburg, Pa. How The Army Runs. (n.d.). Retrieved August 17, 2007, from US Army WAr College Website: http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usawc/dclm/linkedtextchapters/CHAPTER12.pdf Huston, J. A. (1966). The Sinews of War: Army Logistics, 1775-1953. Washington: Office of Military History, United States Army. Wavell, F. M. (1946). Speaking Generally. London: Macmillan. Worthen, B. (n.d.). ABC: An Introduction to Supply Chain Management. Retrieved August 18, 2007, from Business Technology Leadership Website: http://www.cio.com/article/40940   

Man was born free and is everywhere in chains Essay Example

Man was born free and is everywhere in chains Essay Example Man was born free and is everywhere in chains Paper Man was born free and is everywhere in chains Paper p. 29. 9 Ibid, p. 33. 10 Alexis de Tocqueville, The old Regime and the French revolution (New York: Double Day Anchor Books, 1955), p. 69. (original published 1856, publisher unknown) 11 Cited in Carter, p. 41. 12 Cited in Andrew Heywood, Modern Political Ideologies (London: Macmillan Press, 1992), p. 127. 13 Richard Sylvan, Anarchism in Goodin, Robert, Philip Pettit (ed. ), A companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy (Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1993), pp. 215-242. 14 Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies: An Introduction (London: Macmillan Press, 1992). p. 193. 15 George Growder, Classical Anarchism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991). p. 191. 16 April Carter, p. 169. 17 David Miller, Anarchism, (London: J. M. Dent Sons Ltd, 1984), p. 171. 18 George Growder, Classical Anarchism, p. 192. 19 Ibid,. p. 193. 20 Norman, P. Barry, An intro to modern political theory, (London: Macmillan Press, 1981). p. 83. 21 John Passmore, The Perfectibility of Man (London: Duckworth, 1970), p. 189. 22 Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies, p. 211. 23 Harold Barclay, People Without Government, p. 134. 24 David Morland, Anarchism, Human Nature and History, in Jon Purkis James Bowen (ed. ), Twenty-first Century Anarchism (London: Cassell Press, 2000), pp. 8-21. p. 21. 25 Goaman, Karen Mo Dodson. , A Subversive Current? : Contempory Anarchism Considered in Jon Purkis James Bowen (ed. ), Twenty-first Century Anarchism (London: Cassell Press, 2000), pp. 83-97. 26 Murray Bookchin, Anarchism, Marxism, and the Future of the Left (Edinburgh: A. K. Press, 1999). p. 154. 27 Andrew Heywood, p. 211. 28 David Miller, Anarchism, p. 183. Andrew Wallace/1592038/Dr. P. Bradshaw/Political Science/MAS2010.

International Brand Licensing Essay Sample

International Brand Licensing Essay Sample International Brand Licensing Essay Example International Brand Licensing Essay Example Brand licensing refers to a contract between a licensor and a licensee that entails the use of an intangible asset (Gardner 2012). This contract is related to leasing and renting of the intangible asset to another party who will be obliged to pay lease rentals to the licensor. The licensee usually seeks licensing from the licensor when the former intends to use a brand related to a particular product on a given territory (Battersby Simon 2011). Such a contract tends to aid in enhancing the acceptability of a particular product in a particular market. Sales volume of the licensee increases due to the consumer association with the brand name applied in marketing (Stim 2010). Companies that enjoy a good public image thus tend to lease out their brand name to other companies that would enable them to receive more income. Such a licensing agreement is ideal in an environment where the company has not initially established its business (Gardner 2012). Despite the fact that the licensor may enjoy a good public image, it may not be possible to establish business in all parts of the world (Alexander Lerner 2004). This is regardless of whether the business is a multinational company or not. Inability to establish operations is also contributed to the nature of the sphere in which the company operates (Reese 2011). For instance, Harvard University is a reputable institution based in the United States. However, the university may not be able to establish its branches in many countries of the world. This is due to the complexity of the subject matter and the challenges that are associated with decentralization as it may compromise the quality of learning (Alexander Lerner 2004). Being the worlds most reputable institution of higher learning, some institutions may attempt to offer their educational programs in collaboration with Harvard. This aims at marketing their educational programs as well as realizing revenue. In the telecommunications industry, Apple and Samsung, the two major competitors, have developed superior brands that are admired by many users in the world (Stim 2010). However, the manufacturing operations of these companies are conducted only in a few countries (Reese 2011). At times, there may not be adequate resources to manufacture enough products to satisfy the demands of the whole world. In addition, consumers in different parts of the world may not afford the brands produced by these companies (Battersby Simon 2011). This may render the firms unable to meet their targets in terms of sales volume and profitability. Due to the logistics related to the supply of these commodities, the firms may not have enough resources to access all the domains of the market. Therefore, this prompts the need for brand licensing contracts. Brand licensing contracts result in the mutual benefit of both parties to the contract. A licensee obtains improved market demand for his/her products (Gardner 2012). Based on the terms of the contract, the licensee pays regular amounts to the licensor for use of the brand and trademarks as royalties. Such a relationship reveals symbiosis in the operations; therefore organizations can help one another to maximize the value of their operations (Thorpe C. Bailey 2009). One of the pre-requisites for such a contract to be started is the existence of a general goal to be achieved by the two contracting individuals or companies. Proper drafting of the contract must be made in order to incorporate the interests of both contracting parties (Stim 2010). This thus requires a thorough understanding of the legal principles surrounding the existence of both contracting parties. In addition, the terms of the contract must be binding and must clearly stipulate the rights and responsibilities of ea ch of the parties (Battersby Simon 2011). It should also specify the grounds on which the contract is to be revoked. In other cases, intangible cases that can be subject to brand licensing include a song, a character, a name or any other particular product brand. For instance, an organization may use the identity of a famous person to advertise its products (Gardner 2012). This could range from any sphere including sports, music and other industries. The agreement between the person and the company would entail the person allowing his/her name to be used by the licensee to promote his/her products (Levy Judy 2011). Payments for the patent will then be remitted to the person. A licensee is also at liberty to sign more than one license contracts with many licensors for the sake of one product. This will create a multi-brand scenario (Alexander Lerner 2004). Organizations are thus able to experience a massive growth because of such brand contracts. Customer identity with the product is enhanced and therefore sales of the product as well as the profitability of the firm increase. For licensing contracts to be started, the parties involved follow various steps. The process begins by a licensor selecting the categories of products to be licensed (Thorpe Bailey 2009). A thorough search for the appropriate license then begins followed by the review of the terms and conditions of each of licensees. Negotiation of contract requirements thus occurs at this stage. Agreements on the consideration and duration of this contract are also discussed at this stage. This stage is then followed by the development of the prototype of the product and the incorporation of the brand particulars after which it is sent for approval to the management of both companies (Jean Bastien 2012). The licensee, at this stage, will develop samples and concepts about the brand particulars. Approval of the licensed products for sale then follows. The licensees should present the developed prototype to the licensor for approval as to whether that would work best to serve their interests (Batte rsby Simon 2011). Finally, the process is concluded as the licensees sell the licensed products to the authorized retailers. These retailers then distribute the products to the consumers. Branding creates the consumer acceptance of the product. In order for licensing to be a success, licensees usually prefer a brand name that would attract consumers and hence boost the sales of the product. The licensee should ensure that the contract leads to a positive net present value of the project in the end (Battersby Simon 2011). Any contract that does not lead to significant increase in sales volume and consumer preference should be re-evaluated to assess its economic viability. Such an evaluation can be made through the assessment of the market trends to derive a model that explains the market situation. This can be used to predict time series and performance trends of an organization. Cash flow forecasting is thus rendered appropriate in determining the success of the licensing agreement (Chevailer Mazzalovo 2012). Regression analysis is one of the most appropriate forecasting methods (Levy Judy 2011). It entails an analysis of the relationship between different variables affecting sales. A line of best fit can then be derived in order to represent such a relationship. As a result, it is possible to predict the expected trend of sales as time progresses and parameters vary. This enables the firm to make decisions on whether to continue with the licensing contract or not. It can also aid the licensee in deciding whether to incorporate other licensors in the license contract (Gardner 2012). Such a move will widen the scope of consumer acceptance of the product. In order to achieve the major financial objective of the firm, proper investment valuation is important (Stim 2010). The management should adopt effective capital budgeting decisions during the analysis in order to ensure that both parties benefit from the agreement (Jean Bastien 2012). This will ensure that they maximize the shareholders value. This project entails manufacture and sale of clothes in markets of different developing countries. The major factory will be located in Eldoret, Kenya. Different clothes will be manufactured including jerseys, jackets, T-shirts and trousers. These clothes are expected to be exported to various countries in the world. However, in order to attract more customers, the project will depend on a licensing contract that would involve signing contracts with the worlds best sportsmen (Levy Judy 2011). This includes football professionals like Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. In order to penetrate the English market, Wayne Rooney would be important in marketing of the clothes manufactured. Since most of people in the world identify with sports, a brand containing the name of each of the sportsmen would increase market penetration. While initiating these brand-licensing contracts, the important legal principles should be considered including the statutory provisions applicable in the respective countries (Thorpe Bailey 2009). License terms should be clearly defined. This refers to the length of the contract. The terms regarding termination and extent of the agreement should be also defined in this contract (Chevailer Mazzalovo 2012). Territory is also a prerequisite in brand licensing. It defines the environment in which the product is supposed to be sold. Such an environment should be receptive to a particular brand name used by a company to market its products. For instance, in order to penetrate the Caribbean market, it is important to use the brand name of Usain Bolt, the worlds fastest sprinter from Jamaica. Clothes with the brand name of the athlete will be easily accepted in the market (Stim 2010). The African market will be easily accessed using the brand name of Didier Drogba. Provisions for renewal of such contracts should be also included in the agreement. After obtaining the trademark, the licensee will distribute the products to various markets without any limitations (Chevailer Mazzalovo 2012). A fraction of the net sales made will be shared with the licensor as per the contract agreement. International business risks In the respective markets, the major challenges that will be faced include recognition of the product among consumers who are not supporters and lovers of a particular sport. In addition to those who don’t like sports, some consumers do not identify with the personalities used to promote the product (Levy Judy 2011). Since each celebrity has his/her fans, it may be difficult to market the product to those who are not fans of the selected celebrity hence negatively affecting the market demand. It is also difficult to raise adequate funds to finance the production and marketing activities. Due to the robust marketing strategies involved, it is also difficult to sustain the increased demand (Jean Bastien 2012). This may lead to increased cases of stock-out costs. Such episodes of stock-outs affect the firm in a negative way due to the challenges related to dealing with disappointed customers. The back order costs associated with the episodes of stock-outs give an edge to the competitors of the company (Stim 2010). This will eventually result into losses suffered by the company. Inadequate infrastructure is also a major challenge especially in developing countries. This leads to challenges faced by an organization when transporting commodities to the market. Transportation of commodities in such market environments is associated with enormous costs hence increasing the overall cost of production (Jean Bastien 2012). Political stability in developing countries is also a major challenge to the success of business operations in such an environment. Due to political unrests, it is difficult to organize production activities in the market. Consumer purchasing power is also affected hence resulting to low sales. Foreign exchange risk also affects organizations involved in international trade (Chevailer Mazzalovo 2012). This is the fluctuation in exchange rates. Such fluctuations lead to foreign exchange losses hence affecting the overall performance of the organization. Due to diversity in the market environment, losses caused by non-performing branches will be o ffset against the profits generated by performing branches on the verge of consolidation of the financial statements. Cultural diversity will also affect the range of products produced by the firm (Stim 2010). This is due to the variations in the acceptable codes of conduct in different societies. Such societies prescribe values including modes of dressing. Some cultures also condemn participation of various members of the population in various sports, which will negatively affect the sales of the company (Jean Bastien 2012). Government policies enacted in the country of operation will also affect the survival of the business. Adverse policies will lead to reduced sales hence negatively affecting profitability of the firm. For instance, government may levy heavy taxes on foreign products to shield local industries from competition. This thus adversely affects the performance of the business. In order to overcome such risks, the organization should focus on identification of the values prevailing in the society. A thorough market survey should be conducted with an appropriate feasibility study to determine the expected trends of operations. In addition to using such brands, massive product promotion strategies should be adopted through other advertising media (Chevailer Mazzalovo 2012). Modern technology should also be embraced in order to ensure that quality production is done. The firm should focus on cost minimization as a method of ensuring that the shareholder value is maximized due to increased profit margins (Levy Judy 2011). Generated profits should also be invested to finance the increased range of operations as the company advances into new markets. Partnerships with various governments should also be encouraged in order to enhance the survival of the business (Stim 2010). The firm should be involved in corporate social responsibility in order to enhance acceptability of the products in the market. As the organization engages in activities that improve the welfare of its consumers, customer loyalty will increase hence consumption of the product will increase (Chevailer Mazzalovo 2012). This boosts sales as well as the overall profitability of the firm. Clear goals should also be set to guide various branch managers of the company. Such goals should be specific, measurable and achievable in order to avoid confusion. Appropriate performance reviews should be done and necessary corrective actions taken at necessary intervals (Jean Bastien 2012). This should also be associated with hiring of competent personnel and managers to run the operations of the business based on the company`s mission. Terms of License Agreements To come to an agreement with the sportsmen, various terms must be clearly defined. Clothes to be produced shall contain the brand names of the sportsmen inscribed on each item produced. Different brands shall be sold in different markets depending on the most popular athlete brand (Gardner 2012). However, other brands shall also constitute about 30% of the total supply in such markets to cater for the minority who do not identify with the dominant athlete in such an environment. Determination of the clothes to be manufactured shall depend on the prevailing customer tastes and preferences in the particular market t (Reese 2011). A thorough market research will therefore be conducted in order to come up with the best products that would meet consumer tastes and preferences. Proper records shall be kept concerning the quantity of each brand manufactured and sold in order to enhance effective accounting (Gardner 2012). Regular stocktaking shall be done to form the quantity basis for computing royalties that will be paid to the licensor. Royalty payment will be based on the volumes of commodities produced and sold (Jean Bastien 2012). This shall make up 10% of the contribution margin, which is the excess of the selling price over the variable cost per unit. The fixed costs related to the production of the commodities will be borne by the licensee. All royalty payments shall be paid to the licensee at the end of the accounting period. Such payments shall be made in terms of the US dollar. The rate applicable shall be the average rate throughout the financial period (Jean Bastien 2012). This payment shall be remitted on the last day of the third month following the audit of the financial statements of the company (Gardner 2012). The audit work should be done by a multinational audit firm preferably Price Waterhouse Coopers due to its good reputation. c of the audit work, an auditor shall send an audit report to both licensor and licensee. The licensor shall grant exclusive production rights to the licensee hence it will be upon the company to develop the product line and engage in any profit making business (Fox 2008). In case of increased sales and profits of the company, the rate of compensation to the licensor shall be adjusted appropriately. Quality control measures shall be instilled in the production. This will be enhanced through employment of qualified staff with high levels of competence. Appropriate checks and balances shall also be put in place in order to prevent any misappropriation of the organizations resources. Standardization of the products shall also be ensured due to the uniformity of the production technology applied by the company (Fox 2008). There shall be no warranties given to the product consumers except where there is proof that the product has not been used by the client. Such sales return shall not be accepted after a period of five working days following the date of sale. A licensee shall not be entitled to sublicense or transfer of the license to a third party who is not privy to the contract (Thorpe Bailey 2009). Such actions shall be viewed as a breach of the original contract rendering the licensee liable for damages caused by such a breach. The amount to be paid shall be the full amount of profits made as a result of such a sublicensing agreement. This agreement shall render any prior agreements made regarding licensure null and void (Fox 2008). No other subsequent licensing agreement shall be entered into that will rank more superior to the current agreement. Such an agreement does not however result into any partnership or joint venture between the licensor and the licensee. No contractual obligation exists that binds the parties to proceed with business beyond the duration of the licensure (Gardner 2012). The licensor shall not receive any property and ownership of the company during or after the duration of the contract. Goodwill arising fro m the license agreement shall be tested for impairment under IAS 36 and the appropriate amount charged to the income statement. In case of disputes, resolutions shall be done through negotiations. Agents shall represent both the licensor and the licensee. Failure to reach an agreement shall lead to a court case in a bid to resolve the conflict. All parties are obliged to adhere to the laws governing licensing contracts in order to avoid conflicts (Fox 2008). Appropriate measures should be put to avoid the conflicts in future. Legal experts from both sides shall be involved in the interpretation of the licensing law in order to avoid any risks of misinterpretation of the statutory provision. Termination of the contract shall be based on the expiry of the duration of the contract (Gardner 2012). Other grounds for termination shall be based on breach of the contract by any of the parties as well as by a court order (Levy Judy 2011). In the event of such a termination, all the dues owed to any party shall be settled. Licensing agreements and appropriate legal procedures that should be followed are thus instrumen tal to the success of a business.

Social Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Social Psychology - Essay Example As an amalgamation of what has historically been two disparate and distinct fields of inquiry, social psychology blends the two scholarly realms and provides a new perspective on such issues as social cognition, the individual within society as well as the role that individuals plays in shaping their wider environment. The perception of individuals is very important from a social psychological standpoint and this field allows scholars and researchers to undertake their inquiry from an interdisciplinary approach. Thus, from a social psychological perspective, the perception of individuals can be shaped by both internal psychological factors as well as the social environment. Sociology is a field which has traditionally focused group dynamics and behaviors. Psychology, on the other hand, is a field which is primarily concerned with the individual and the mental motivating factors in explaining thoughts and behaviors. From the perspective of social psychology then, the formation of soci al identity is the result of both social and psychological factors. Individual cognitive behavior influences social identity as does the environment one is raised in, the people he/she grows up with and social identity can be seen as a mixture of these forces (Baron 3-44). Social psychology, as a field of inquiry, has much to say about perceiving groups, norms and behaviors. Accordingly, social psychology looks at these concepts and sheds light onto both the social and psychological features of these issues. Accordingly, Discrimination is described as the prejudicial treatment of others based upon certain real or perceived characteristics. It is generally done on the basis of race, colour, sex, age, language, sexual orientation, religion and/or disability. Discrimination is often based upon pre-held beliefs, judgments and stereotypes about people and

Single Mothers and Minimum Wage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Single Mothers and Minimum Wage - Research Paper Example The single mothers are forced to enter the competitive job market and it has been seen that they face many problems related to the jobs and wages. It has been proved those single mothers who are working in low wage jobs are often face many real time hardship than the people who are dependent on welfare. (Mooney et al; 2008, p, 240). Single mothers and minimum wages: Wages or the earnings are the fuel of the family which keeps the family running smoothly. In a normal dual-parent family a husband and a wife both earn to have a smooth life. In many cases it has been seen that in a family the female is the bread earner and the husband looks after the kids and the household choirs. However, in case of the single mothers the work pressure is double as they have to look after the children in the house as well they have to earn to feed the kids. So, as far as the single mother is concern they have to earn moderate income in a smaller time to handle both the pressures. There are many initiati ves taken by the governments or the local communities to help these women by eradicating the pathetic effects of minimum wages. There are some policies which are favorable to these communities because the unfortunate children. Most of the policies are concern with the poor children living under the poverty (Neumark, and Wascher, 2008, p. 151). However, if there is one community which has got special attention for most of the policies related to the wages and social security is the community of the single mothers. The group of the single mother has got especial attentions towards the effects of the minimum wages (Neumark, and Wascher, 2008, p. 151). The strong initiatives towards the welfare of the single mothers started in 1996, this initiative given a strong... This paper approves that the community of single mother is consisting of women from different culture and different religions and they speak different languages. To unite all of these people are not an easy job. The cultural diversity is a big problem. Some rituals are accepted by some people and at the same time some people do not accept the facts and they try to protest also sometimes. Most of the African-American single moms are Christian and Muslims. The main learning from the work is the implementation of the nonracial behavior within the community. This paper makes a conclusion that the community for the single mothers is a functioning body which has many numbers of women who are mentally and financially tortured. The main aim of the community development members should be to heal the pain of these poor women. It can be said that being a single mother is very much hazardous to mental health. The motivation is the only healing to these poor women. They have faced many problems in finding jobs to feed their children and on the other side many of them have faced physical torture from their husbands. Canadian research the researchers have found that single mothers go through more psychiatric illness than that of the mothers in two-parent families. The researchers also found that after they have become single mom their mental condition started changing irrespective of the financial problems.