Anabolic Steroid Miracle Drug Or Dangerous Way For Athletes

Anabolic Steroid: Miracle drug or Dangerous Way for Athletes to Cheat? Trevor Holmes May 1, 2015 Rock Port High School Abstract Anabolic steroids have been around since the 1950s. They are used in many ways, both medical and recreational. Steroids have negative side effects as well as positive benefits. Steroids users range from professional athletes to males with AIDS that suffer from muscle dystrophy. When forming an opinion on steroids, remember to listen to the facts and remember there are many uses for Anabolic steroids. Anabolic Steroids: Miracle Drug or Dangerous Way for Athletes to Cheat? Anabolic steroids have been around since around 1935. Ever since steroids were invented, there has been much controversy over them. The fact of the matter is that steroids can be harmful and even fatal, however often times they are not as harmful as people tend to think. If used correctly in the right doses they can also be extremely beneficial in many ways. Anabolic steroids have a wide range of uses, from medical to recreational, with many benefits and negative side effects. Before one learns about steroids and the history of them, one should know what was going on before the male sex hormone was discovered. One would be surprised to see all the things people used to do. Athletic doping has been around since the 1800s; however, athletes have gotten a lot better at it. Before there were steroids and blood doping and things likeShow MoreRelatedAre Steroids as Bad as We Think?1132 Words   |  5 PagesAre Steroi ds Bad? Anabolic steroids are one of the most thought about drugs when talking about gaining weight and muscle. Steroids have been around for years and athletes today continue to use these illegal performance enhancing drugs. But are they really that bad for you? Steroids not only have terrible side effects but they are also becoming more and more common around the world today with pro icons using them and the existence of them. People use steroids for many reasons whether it isRead MoreLong Term Dangers Of Steroid Abuse2099 Words   |  9 Pages Long Term Dangers of Steroid Abuse Anabolic Steroids are commonly viewed as a miracle drug in order to increase muscle growth and definition, but what most users of the drug don’t know are the life altering effects that prolonged use can cause. When the drug was released in the late 50’s by scientists working for the Soviet Union, they had no idea what the lasting effects were going to be. At first the drug seemed to be almost a miracle, it helped the Soviet weightlifting teamRead MorePsychological Effects of Using Anabolic Steroids Essay1240 Words   |  5 Pages Anabolic Steriods. What are they? Where do they come from? Why are they used? From amateurs to pros, from body builders to football players and every sport in between, Steriods, or quot;roidsquot; as they are referred to, have been in the circle of athletes since the 1950s. Is it vanity that drives athletes to use steriods? Do they understand the end results from the abuse of quot;roidsquot;? What psychological effects do steriods have on users?In order to understand the psychological effectsRead More Anabolic Steroids Use by Athletes: A Threat to Body and Mind2344 Words   |  10 Pagesfor. -- Ralph Waldo Emerson In the world of sports today, anabolic/androgenic steroid use is a vast problem. Since its’ introduction into Russian weightlifting, it has been expanding with no signs of stopping. It has spread into every major sport, with usage by every age and race. The use continues to grow, even with a lengthy list of serious health, legal, and ethical concerns. Because of our societys adoration of muscle, athletes put their athletic goals higher on their priority list than theirRead MoreAnabolic Drug Use Among Athletes1668 Words   |  7 PagesAthletes that use this drug typically take it with testosterone to help side effects such as a loss of sex drive, depression, and moodiness. The Sixth steroid is called Oxymetholone, also known as Anadrol. This drug comes in a tablet form. Anadrol improves red blood cell production and increases the amount of hemoglobin that helps to treat anemia. Although the FDA approves Anadrol, this drug still has serious side effects. These include breast ca ncer in males and females and reabsorption of the boneRead MoreThe Development of Anabolic Steroids in Sports Essay2058 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Soviets dominance in the olympics in the 60’s. From then on the evolution of performance enhancing drugs expanded exponentially and in turn the use increased dramatically. Other athletes began to follow in the Soviet Union’s steps by implementing performance enhancing drugs into their training regimen in order to compete with the soviets. In 1972 the olympic community first implemented drug testing to check for higher testosterone levels to try and combat the use of PED’s. In turn that led toRead MoreEssay Steroids2867 Words   |  12 Pagesfixes to their problem. Many people see Steroids as an answer to their problems. Steroids can make you more fit for athletic competition and make the body more muscular which is considered appealing. Many people turn to steroids because they think it will give them solutions to t he problems they have with society. Many people also fail to see that there are natural ways to enhance athleticism and muscle size that are legal and do not threaten good health. Steroids may seem practical in the short termRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Its Effects On American Soil1608 Words   |  7 PagesIt goes without saying that the influx of drugs in America has resulted in legislative actions to halt the consumption, possession, and sales of most drugs. The extent to these measures are better known as â€Å"The War on Drugs;† a term coined in June of 1971 by former President Richard Nixon. The war on drugs is indeed a war; it induces biased, civil attacks on minority groups in America, executed by law enforcement officials through criminal racism. In the course of my paper, I will explain the factsRead More The Miracle Cure or Nightmare Drug? Essay3213 Words   |  13 PagesThe Miracle Cure or Nightmare Drug? I. Introduction It is pretty safe to say that the majority of the population, if given the opportunity, would like to be in good physical shape. For men it’s the perfect â€Å"V† shape, with muscles so finely sculpted, Michelangelo himself would be hard-pressed to mold a finer figure out of clay. For women, the desired look is the â€Å"hour glass† figure, with voluptuous breasts, thin and firm abs, and sharply defined legs. Of all those who desire to have

Project Management What I Learned - 811 Words

Role and tasks The main issue that I had to deal with during the project is the near absence of the action plan. The plan should consists of a number of action/steps that need to be performed in order to reach the research project’s objectives. Due to the absence of an action plan, we wasted time/efforts by either doing nothing or doing things that are irrelevant. Besides, the research project workload was not divided between us in a fair manner. This is mainly due to the absence of both a solid project schedule and a project manager/leader. The role of a project manager should be supporting team members and assigning tasks to them. As a result I wasn’t able to contribute to the projects progress as it was expected from me. Regarding my contribution to the project, before everything, I read various papers about Embodied conversational agents (ECAs) in order to have a clear idea about the subject. Also, I have helped writing and reviewing deliverables. Generally, my duty throughout the project was supporting and helping the team in various aspects such as conducting the experiment, writing and reviewing papers. Moreover, my activities throughout the research project were: 1. Do online research on ECAs and education 2. Brainstorm about the topic of research 3. Help writing and reviewing papers (P1-P8) as well as making presentation slides 4. Work on the experiment’s settings such as questionnaire- online survey 5. Help conducting the experiment at a primary school 6. HelpShow MoreRelatedLessons Learned As A Transfer Student Essay1152 Words   |  5 PagesLessons Learned As a transfer student, I only had to take three core courses to finish my Bachelor degree in Information technology because my other courses from my previous school supplemented the other core courses. But I did learn a lot from the three core courses that did I take at Campbell University were (ITS-345) Database Management , (ITS-410) System Analysis Design Dev, and (ITS-410) Networking Telecommunication. In taking these courses, I felt these courses taught me relevant conceptsRead MoreConstruction Management And Construction Project Management1396 Words   |  6 PagesMichael Saavedra Construction Management- 401W Construction management or construction project management (CPM) is the overall planning, coordination, and control of a project from beginning to completion. Throughout this semester I learned many various information on construction management, from the bid package process to scheduling a projects. Also learned the various contracts and legal structure of a construction company. Overall this semester I learned the overall knowledge of constructionRead MoreConstruction Management And Construction Project Management1103 Words   |  5 PagesConstruction management or construction project management (CPM) is the overall planning, coordination, and control of a project from beginning to completion. Throughout this semester I learned many various information on construction management, from the bid package process to scheduling a projects. Also learned the various contracts and legal structure of a construction company. Overall this semester I learned the overall knowledge of construction management. The first thing we learned was the bidRead MoreProject Management Plan For Efficient Human Resource Management Planning1117 Words   |  5 Pagesabout a project failure due to inefficient human resource management planning. This paper begins with a brief background of the case followed by identifying the issues needing attention. 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The product scope here would be the features and functions requirements of the e-Borders system. The project scope here should be how the work would be done including the deadline for the project completion. A scope baselineRead MoreBeing An International Student Program1218 Words   |  5 PagesWhen I first came to class, I was curious, nervous and excited as this was the only class for which I gave thought for â€Å"should I go for it in this semester or in next semester†. As being an international student coming directly from India with an undergraduate degree and no work experience made me nervous in starting of the class. But as the class progressed through weeks, I was becoming more confident and the zeal to learn new things kept me going. I was science student back in India wit h majorRead MoreWhat I Learned About Apa Format Through Watching The Apa Exposed Tutorial1526 Words   |  7 Pagespaper deals with what I learned about APA format through watching the APA Exposed Tutorial. It also shows concrete strategies as to how I will implement the guidelines in my work in Project Management course. For this, I picked up two newspaper items that are qualified as projects. These are chosen based on specific standard and guide that I have learned about project management during the classes. A brief analysis was made for two news items on the basis of qualification as projects. In a similar approachRead MoreProject Clerk : My Role As A Management Engineer Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pagesthink and work as a management engineer. Bohengtai Xu (Project Clerk): My role in the team is project clerk. I took charge of the creating basic functions of our project, and I was also one of the writers of our team. In milestone two, I completed 4 description of functions and summarize all the functions in rationale (Nemish edited it). In the milestone three, I created two functions in Excel, which is â€Å"events reminder† and â€Å"time calculator†. For the fourth milestone, I organized and took

Greater Autonomy Over The Content Of The Curriculum Free Essays

string(173) " can take to a position that instructors ‘ expertness lies strictly in the accomplishments of twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours planning and behaviour direction\." The being of some signifier of relationship between course of study policy and instructor professionalism would look to be an established premise. This is apparent in claims that course of study reform is frequently regarded as a menace to teacher professionalism ( Al-Hinei 2003 ; Apple 2009 ; Locke et Al. 2005 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Greater Autonomy Over The Content Of The Curriculum or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most notably, it is frequently claimed that the degree of prescription in the English National Curriculum, along with the associated demand to run into the prescribed results, reflects a decrease of instructor liberty in favor of answerability ( Walsh 2006 ) . It would look, at this degree so, possible to reason that a decrease in cardinal prescription equates to an addition in teacher liberty which in bend equates to an sweetening of instructor professionalism. To an extent this would look to be an purpose of recent course of study reform in Scotland in the signifier of the Curriculum for Excellence ( CfE ) . The first page of the first ‘Building the Curriculum ‘ papers claims that ‘teachers will hold greater range and infinite for professional determinations about what and how they should learn ‘ ( Scots Executive 2006:1 ) . However, such a straightforward relationship between course of study policy and instructor professionalism would, pulling on Evans ( 2008 ) , be an over-simplification. Evans suggests that professionalism can non be understood entirely, through analyzing instructors ‘ ‘remit and duties ‘ ( p.23 ) , and instead we must see the ways in which teachers themselves understand their professional duties. To an extent this would look to be recognised in Scotland ‘s course of study reform, in for illustration claims that the reform requires a ‘culture alteration ‘ ( Scots Government 2009a:5 ) and the accent on the demand for professional development ( Scots Executive 2006:2 ) . This suggests acknowledgment that a alteration of instructors ‘ remit and duties entirely may non hold a important impact upon professionalism. In this sense, the CfE may possibly be regarded as stand foring, but besides necessitating, a alteration in our apprehension of teacher professionalism. In visible radiation of this, it becomes pertinent to see exactly the nature of this implied alteration in apprehension of teacher professionalism. This essay will research peculiarly the deductions of greater instructor liberty in choosing the content of the course of study. This entails sing: what is meant by teacher professionalism, issues that arise in relation to choosing course of study content, and the impact of these issues on our construct of instructor professionalism. Professionalism In order to research the impact of the CfE upon teacher professionalism it is necessary to hold an apprehension as to what precisely ‘professionalism ‘ agencies. This poses some trouble as the term would look to miss a clear definition, and seems to be understood rather otherwise by different people ( Al-Hinei 2003:41 ; Evans 2008 ) . In a general sense nevertheless, it can possibly be regarded as a description of the nature of the function and demands of a member of a profession ( Goodson 2003:126 ; Evans 2008:25 ) . This of class begs the inquiry as to what a ‘profession ‘ is. Harmonizing to Carr ( 2000:22 ) the term ‘profession ‘ may be regarded as bespeaking a distinguishable ‘class or class of business ‘ consisting of occupations such as ‘doctor ‘ or ‘lawyer ‘ , and sometimes ‘teacher ‘ . It is in sing those characteristics that distinguish a ‘profession ‘ from other businesss that the cardinal issues associated with ‘professionalism ‘ come to the bow. Some regard the construct of ‘profession ‘ to be a socially constructed agencies of continuing power with a certain group of people by confering a particular position upon certain businesss ( described in Locke et Al. 2005:558 ) . Carr ( 2006:173 ) suggests it refers to those businesss that are indispensable in continuing civil society ( wellness, justness and instruction ) . Others suggest that there are certain specifying features which mark out an business as carry throughing the standard for ‘profession ‘ ( Locke et al 2005:558 ; Christie 2003:845 ) . However, despite this diverseness it would look possible to place certain recurrent subjects in relation to those businesss classed as professions: they have some distinguishable cognition base or expertness ; they provide some signifier of service to society ; and, as alluded to in the debut, members of a profession have autonomy to do professional opinions ( Carr 2000 ; Christie 2003 ; Goodson 2003 ; Locke et Al. 2005 ) . Professionalism, so, may possibly be regarded as describing: the demands of a member of a profession in footings of their cognition and expertness ; their range for independent determination devising ; and a definition of their function in its service to wider society. If we consider teacher professionalism straight, Menter et Al. ( 2010:17 ) , place ‘four theoretical accounts ‘ of professionalism ( ‘effective ‘ , ‘reflective ‘ , ‘enquiring ‘ and ‘transformative ‘ ) , each of which conceives of the professional cognition base and range for teacher determination doing otherwise. The ‘transformative ‘ theoretical account besides defines the societal function of learning otherwise – as ‘contributing to societal alteration ‘ , instead than conveying societal norms ( Menter et al. 2010:24 ) . Therefore, the relationship between course of study policy and professionalism would look to lie in the manner in which the course of study defines a instructors ‘ function in footings of the cognition that is required and the degree of liberty for professional determination devising afforded by the course of study. Whilst Evans ( 2008:27 ) argues that we can non understand the true nature of instructor professionalism by mention to the policy that defines it, pulling on Locke et Al ( 2005 ) , it would surely look just to propose that the manner in which a instructors ‘ function is perceived officially does hold affect instructors ‘ positions as to the nature of their functions and duties. As has been mentioned antecedently in relation to the English National Curriculum, the issue of instructors ‘ liberty and range for doing professional opinions would look to be a peculiarly combative issue. Menter et Al ( 2010:22 ) suggest that a normative course of study, in which there is less range for professional opinion, would look to associate readily to a theoretical account of professionalism which emphasises ‘technical achievement ‘ . It would look that cut downing instructors ‘ liberty narrows the cognition and expertness that is expected of a instructor. Goodson ( 2003 ) suggests that a focal point on the proficient facets of learning can take to a position that instructors ‘ expertness lies strictly in the accomplishments of twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours planning and behaviour direction. You read "Greater Autonomy Over The Content Of The Curriculum" in category "Essay examples" Carr ( 2000:15 ) refers to this as ‘restricted pr ofessionalism ‘ . Through analyzing the grounds for the being of a course of study which possibly restricts teacher professionalism in this manner we come to see the ‘tension ‘ that Locke et Al ( 2005:564 ) point to as bing between instructor liberty and answerability. Further, through understanding the possibly alone answerability faced by the instruction profession ( Carr 2003 ) , we can get down to understand the issues involved in course of study content choice. Education, or instead schooling, is basically concerned with ‘the sort of society we want to be ‘ ( White 2004a:2 ) and as such in concerned non merely with single development but besides the development of society. This is apparent in the claim that the ‘Curriculum for Excellence can play a important function ‘ in accomplishing the Scots Governments purpose ‘to make Scotland smarter, safer and stronger, wealthier and fairer, greener and healthier ‘ ( Scots Government 2008:3 ) . It is from this impression of schooling as helping, and potentially formative, society as a whole that it is suggested that schools and instructors are accountable in ways that other professions are non ( Carr 2000:44 ) . Further, instructors are besides more accountable to parents and must accept the legitimacy of the positions of ‘non-professionals ‘ in a manner that attorneies or physicians do non ( Carr 2003:64 ) . As such, it is argued that there are some d eterminations in instruction that should non be made by the instructor as they are ‘essentially political ‘ ( White 2004b:20 ) . In trying to guarantee therefore that instructors are run intoing the wants of both the province in footings of its desire for society – such as economic growing – instructors ‘ infinite for professional opinion can go squeezed. This leads us to see more closely the nature of course of study policy itself, and the function it plays in interceding between the desires of the province and instructor professional liberty. Course of study This requires an understanding as to what is meant by â€Å" course of study † itself. As with ‘professionalism ‘ , it would look to be a term which is notoriously difficult to specify, with a battalion of potentially conflicting definitions ( Dillon 2009 ) . By and large it can be suggested that ‘curriculum ‘ does non mention to a list, or patterned advance, of points to be taught. The course of study addresses non merely what is taught, but why and how instruction and larning takes topographic point. As such, curricula reflect and advance beliefs about the purposes and nature of instruction ( Flinders A ; Thornton 2009:8 ) . Different course of study reflect different epistemic and pedagogical beliefs – beliefs about the nature of cognition and nature of acquisition and learning – in, for illustration, their administration of ‘knowledge ‘ ( Carr 1988 ) . For illustration those that emphasise the separation of cognition into topics, and those that favour integrating of capable countries. However it should possibly be noted that Carr ( 1988 ) argues that the epistemic and pedagogical bases of much course of study policy is non wholly coherent. It should besides be noted that the current treatment is centred on the construct of ‘explicit ‘ course of study ( Moore 2004:61 ) – an expressed statement of intended acquisition such as the CfE. However in sing a broader definition, course of study is besides used to mention to those experiences which lead to larning approximately, for illustration, societal norms which are non explicitly planned for. This is termed the ‘implicit ‘ ( Moore 2004:61 ) or ‘hidden ‘ ( Anyon 2006 ) course of study. However, notwithstanding the scope of attacks to understanding and making course of study, course of study design needfully entails a choice of what is to be taught. Different course of study theoretical accounts may differ in both when and by whom this procedure of choice takes topographic point. As mentioned earlier, within a normative, centralised, curriculum much of the choice is being made at a national degree by policy shapers. If we consider the CfF itself in footings of those who are doing the determinations, it is rather clear that the pick as to what to learn is non being topographic point entirely in the custodies of the instructors. Priestley ( 2010:23 ) suggests that it reflects a tendency in course of study development in general, in which there is an effort to pull on both ‘top-down and bottom-up attacks to curriculum be aftering ‘ . A procedure of choice has already occurred at the national degree. The purposes of the course of study have been set out in the signifier of the ‘four capacities ‘ – statements as to the type of individual the course of study seeks to develop ( Learning and Teaching Scotland 2010 ) . As mentioned earlier, the course of study besides aims to run into the Scots Governments desire to make a ‘wealthier ‘ and ‘healthier ‘ Scotland ( Scots Government 2008:3 ) . Therefore instructors are doing their determinations within a ‘framework of national outlooks ‘ ( Scots Executive 2006:1 ) . Decisions, possibly ideological, have been made as to the ‘skills ‘ that are deemed of import have been defined ( ‘skills for acquisition, accomplishments for life and accomplishments for work ‘ ( Scots Government 2009b ) ) . The chief countries of acquisition, possibly reflecting epistemic beliefs, have besides been decided in the signifier of the course of study countries ( such as Mathematicss ) . At a more elaborate degree, the ‘experiences and results†¦ describe the outlooks for larning and patterned advance for each of the eight course of study countries ‘ ( Learning and Teaching Scotland 2010 ) . Even within this ‘clear instructors do non hold exclusive duty for course of study content choice. In the pledge, ‘all kids and immature people should see personalisation and pick†¦ ‘ ( Scots Government 2008:17 ) , there is an outlook that students will, to a certain extent, besides be doing determinations about course of study content. Further, there is a strong accent upon collegiality, with instructors working together on course of study development ( Scots Government 2009a ) . This essay does non hold the range to see the reviews of the curricular determinations made at a national degree ( e.g. Royal Society of Edinburgh 2008 ) . Whilst recognizing that these unfavorable judgments may good hold of import deductions for the function of the instructor, this essay will see more by and large the deductions for teacher professionalism of liberty to choose content within a wide model. Through sing course of study content choice, two cardinal issues related to teacher professionalism will be raised. The first considers the consequence of sing content choice as a pedagogical accomplishment or competency as Hansen ( 1998 ) appears to make. The 2nd explores the deductions of sing a course of study as a ‘selection of civilization ‘ ( Giroux 1980:228 ) . Contented choice as pedagogical accomplishment As it would look that the major ‘political ‘ determinations have been made in the course of study in footings of its purposes and general administration of cognition, it is possible to see the instructors function as that of ‘deciding what specific purposes and what student experiences best suit the peculiar kids ‘ ( White 2004b:20 ) . In this sense the instructor is pulling on expertness as to how best move the kid onto the following phase of development, in this instance as defined by the CfE ‘s experiences and results. This demand to make up one’s mind upon the particular aims, and choosing the content to enable the student to accomplish those purposes would surely look to indicate to a construct of a more enhanced professionalism than a more normative course of study. The nature of expected teacher professional cognition and expertness would surely look to be regarded as more than organizational and twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours routine. Official certification seems to propose that instructors must, for illustration ‘reflect on their pattern ‘ ( Scots Government 2009a:2 ) and have a scope of expert cognition in the signifier of ‘content cognition†¦ general pedagogical cognition†¦ .knowledge about how scholars learn ‘ ( Scots Government 2009a:4 ) . This would look to indicate to theoretical accounts such as the ‘reflective instructor ‘ ( Moore 2004:4 ) . Such a theoretical account respects learning to affect more than practical cognition and proficient accomplishment, instead it requires instructors to reflect on their pattern possibly pulling on their theoretical apprehension with a position to bettering and developing their instruction ( Moore 2004 ) . Menter et Al ( 2010:23 ) suggest that the demand for instructors to be involved in course of study development makes the construct of ‘the asking instructor ‘ a really relevant theoretical account. This theoretical account regards instructors ‘ professional expertness in lying non merely in the application of theoretical cognition, but besides in its coevals through action research, once more with the purpose to better their pattern ( Menter et al 2010:23 ) . These theoretical accounts would surely look to widen the construct of instructor professionalism beyond that of the sensed technicism of the ‘competent ‘ instructor. As such they may supply suited theoretical accounts for instructors who are involved in the choice of course of study content, puting an accent on instructors ‘ pedagogical expertness. However, if we turn to the 2nd construct, an apprehension of course of study content as a ‘selection of civilization ‘ ( Giroux 1980:228 ) , understanding teacher professionalism strictly in footings of pedagogical expertness may get down to look inadequate. Curriculum content as a choice of civilization In order to see the deductions of sing course of study as a choice of civilization it is necessary to find precisely what this means. Culture, in its broadest sense, may be regarded ‘as a whole manner of life ‘ , embracing all facets of society including the cognition, accomplishments and activities, such as athletics and ‘recreation ‘ , of that society ( Entwistle 1977:111 ) . As such, whatever is included in the course of study is a choice from the huge array of cognition, accomplishments, attitudes and activities which make up ‘culture ‘ . We must see so on what footing we choose what to include. If we regard instruction as being, in some manner, involved with ‘betterment ‘ , the facets of civilization we choose to include in a course of study must be those which we regard as being contributing to the ‘improvement of the person or group ‘ ( Entwistle 1977:111 ) . As such, cultural choice clearly implies a procedure of rating, separating between those things which we regard as ‘desirable or unwanted ‘ facets of civilization ( Entwistle 1977:110 ) . As White ( 2004a:3 ) argues that choice of content can merely sanely be carried out in relation to the purposes of the course of study, it would look just to propose that concerns about the choice of civilization could originate in relation to the overall purposes of the course of study and in relation to the standards by which facets of civilization are deemed worthy of inclusion. Concerns that rise in relation to the purposes of the course of study are possibly best exemplified by the unfavorable judgments of a course of study whose purpose is, for illustration to increase employability accomplishments. Those who regard cognition acquisition as holding value in its ain right would see such an instrumental attack to content choice as an poverty of instruction, restricting entree to many signifiers of civilization which may non hold direct instrumental value ( pulling on Carr et Al. 2006:17 ) . In this manner so, we can see that the choice of content is in some manner impacted upon by our beliefs about the intent of instruction. However, as has been discussed it the purposes of the CfE have been decided at a national degree, and as such possibly in world instructors have small function to play in choosing ‘desirable ‘ civilization. To a certain extent this may be true, and points once more to the ‘tension ‘ between answerability to the province, and instructors ‘ beliefs and professional opinions as to what is best ( Locke et al 2005 ) . Further, it would surely look just to propose that within the model, instructors do hold to do determinations as to what to learn in order to accomplish the ‘experiences and results ‘ . In this manner they must do opinions as to what is worthwhile, what they regard as of import or valuable cognition or accomplishments, or suited literature. It is possibly in relation to the rating as to the comparative worth of facets of civilization that the most complex issues originate. It is in sing the relationship between cognition and power that cultural choice becomes debatable. This becomes apparent when we draw on Bourdieu ‘s ( 1986:106 ) construct of ‘cultural capital ‘ . Bourdieu ( 1986:106 ) suggests that different signifiers of ‘culture ‘ are invested with value which can be drawn on for pecuniary addition, or an addition in societal position. If we consider this in footings of ‘knowledge ‘ as a signifier of civilization, so acquisition of certain signifiers of cognition by an person can be utilised in bring forthing income and increasing societal position. For illustration, geting specific biological and medical cognition can enable one to derive both the income and position conferred upon a physician. However, it is non merely the acquisition of the cognition per Se. which is valuable, but instead gaining institutional acknowledgment – in the signifier of an academic making – of possessing a peculi ar signifier of civilization ( Bourdieu 1986:110 ) . In this sense, certain signifiers of cognition, certain signifiers of civilization, have greater value by virtuousness of being ‘institutionalised ‘ in the signifier of a making ( Bourdieu 1986:109 ) . This would propose hence, that schools are involved in both the transportation of signifiers of civilization which enable an person to derive economic capital or societal position, but besides in some manner specify what signifiers of civilization are of value. Such an averment is supported by Giroux ‘s ( 1980:228 ) statement that the civilization that is selected to organize the course of study becomes ‘legitimised ‘ by the really fact of its inclusion in the course of study. Further as Moore ( 2004:61 ) points out, in choosing what to include, there is besides a determination as to what to except from the course of study. Moore ( 2004 ) suggests that through such a procedure the comparative value of different signifiers of civilization are communicated to students, with those things that are excluded regarded as unwanted. Some suggest that the footing on which such choice is carried out is based on ‘middle category ‘ values as to what should be regarde d as worthwhile ( Reay 2006 ) . An interesting illustration of such a claim is provided in Moore ‘s review of portraitures in movie of instructors who are regarded as ‘saviours and non-conformists ‘ ( Moore 2004:58 ) , such as ‘Ms Johnson ‘ in the movie Dangerous Minds. He argues that whilst the attack they take to instruction may be extraordinary, the content of that instruction is non. Moore ( 2004:58 ) contends that the cultural choice made by these instructors represents in-between category values and as such ‘may be read as lending to and corroborating societal and cultural prejudices ‘ ( p.58 ) It is in this sense that Young ( 2006:734 ) argues that ‘social involvements are ever involved in course of study design ‘ : those with the power to choose what is included in the course of study have, to an extent, the power to legalize certain signifiers of cognition and certain patterns. It is suggested that through this procedure of advancing and legalizing in-between category values schools are implicated in intrenching inequalities of societal category ( Reay 2006 ) . Such a claim requires closer consideration if we are to understand the possible connexion between cultural choice and societal justness. One manner in which it is suggested that this is the instance is that persons from a in-between category background have greater entree and exposure to the signifiers of cognition that are regarded as valuable by schools ( Reay 2006 ) . In this manner, Reay ( 2006 ) suggests, kids from in-between category backgrounds are at an advantage, able to pull on the cultural capital they already possess in order to execute good at schools, deriving institutionalized acknowledgment through academic makings, and therefore addition position in society. This would look to foreground a tenseness for those involved in choosing the content of a course of study. On the one manus, it is suggested that if schools do non supply the ‘high position cultural capital that academic and economic success requires ‘ so kids from working category backgrounds are potentially deprived of the ability to raise their societal position ( Anyon 2006:44 ) . However in making so, they are possibly complicit in reproducing prejudice as to what is regarded as legitimate and valuable cognition. Further, Young ( 2006 ) suggests that it is non sensible to see cultural choice as strictly a affair of enforcing the values of an elitist group, and that there is a legitimacy in sing some accomplishments, facets of cognition, and activities as more valuable than others. However, precisely how a instructor should make up one’s mind what is worthwhile and what is non is non wholly clear. Possibly it can be based upon the ‘normative ‘ ( Entwistle 1977:111 ) , societal position as to what is worthwhile. However, this is debatable even if there is a clear consensus as to what is ‘worthwhile ‘ . As Carr ( 2003:72 ) argues, the most widespread beliefs are non needfully the ‘right ‘ beliefs. Aside from raising the complex philosophical inquiry as to what ‘right ‘ agencies, this raises the inquiry as to the societal function of teacher professionalism. Are they at that place to go through on the values that exit or should they be ‘transformative ‘ , ‘contributing to societal alteration ‘ ( Menter et al 2010:24 ) . It is from these observations upon the relationship between cultural choice and values, and the possible nexus to issues of societal justness, that it possibly seems unequal to understand instructors ‘ professionalism strictly in footings of practical accomplishments or even in footings of professional opinions based upon pedagogical cognition. Rather it would look to propose, as many ( e.g. Goodson 2003 ; Campbell 2003 ; Carr 2006 ) do, that as instruction is implicated in organizing scholars ‘ universe positions and values, it is inherently concerned with ethical considerations. These writers suggest that it is these ethical concerns and opinions that instructors have to do, that Markss learning out as a profession. Carr ( 2006:172 ) argues that whilst all businesss are in some manner concerned with ethical issues, these by and large play a ‘regulative ‘ function – they indicate criterions for good pattern. However he suggests that ethical considerations are ‘constitutive ‘ of learning. This is possibly more clear in Campbell ‘s ( 2008:604 ) averment that it is: ‘ †¦ disputing to extricate the moralss of learning from the really procedure, pattern and content of teachingaˆÂ ¦ ‘ This would look to propose that the determinations and actions made by instructors involve opinions as to what is right and incorrect non simply in a proficient sense, but instead in a moral sense. As it is suggested that ethical issues are inbuilt into the very nature of instruction, Campbell ( 2008:605 ) argues that ‘ethical codifications ‘ are deficient to turn to the issues faced by instructors. Rather she suggests that instructors requires an understanding by instructors of the complex moral issues they must turn to ( Campbell 2008:605 ) . Carr ( 2006:178 ) suggests that it is about instructors ‘taking moral issues and inquiries earnestly ‘ . It should be noted that this does non propose that instructors do non presently take moral and ethical considerations earnestly ; Campbell ( 2003:2 ) argues that many instructors are cognizant of the moral deductions of their opinions. However, Locke et Al. ( 2005:570 ) do suggest that when instructors are capable to high degrees of answerability it can take instructors ‘doing things right ‘ instead than ‘doing the right thing ‘ . Potentially, hence, the CfE ‘s focal point on greater liberty could supply greater flexibleness for instructors to do the determinations they regard to be ethically sound. At the same clip, by increasing instructors ‘ range for taking what to learn the ethical nature of instructor opinion possibly becomes even more outstanding. However, pulling upon the suggestion that the framing of instructor professionalism in policy is important to pattern, it would look of import that the ethical nature of professionalism is present in official discourse if instructors are to be afforded the clip and infinite to earnestly prosecute with these issues. The CfE may good be regarded as affording instructors greater liberty to do professional determinations as to what they teach. There besides appears to be acknowledgment ( e.g. Scots Government 2009a ) of the importance of instructors ‘ professional cognition and expertness. However, in sing the issues involved in choosing course of study content it seems just to reason that the professional function of instructors can non be framed strictly in footings of pedagogical cognition and expertness. Rather it would look that any consideration of teacher professionalism must earnestly see the ethical dimension of instruction. How to cite Greater Autonomy Over The Content Of The Curriculum, Essay examples

Starry Night free essay sample

The painting draws the viewer in keeping them involved and apart of the painting. To the left of the painting, there is a large massive object. This object is isolated from everything. It grabs your attention first then takes you to the rest of the painting. This object is large when compared to other objects in the painting. The curving lines of the object moving upward towards the sky are like arms reaching out. This object also allows the viewer to interpret what it could be. From a large bush growing upward toward the sky to whatever the imagination of the viewer depicts. The sky is ablaze with bright colors of blues, whites and yellows. The clouds are swirling above, as if you can see the clouds moving with the wind. The sky keeps the viewers eyes moving around the painting, following the swirls of the clouds to the glowing orbs of the stars to the crescent moon lighting the sky. We will write a custom essay sample on Starry Night or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The stars are shining like lanterns in the sky glowing so bright. The crescent moon is emitting a light to view the way to the small town below. When viewing this painting, it makes most individuals feel comfortable and at ease. This movement of the painting keeps the viewer involved. Below the rolling hills, lies a small town. There is a sense of peace flowing from the town. The town looks as if it is asleep in a moment in time. The cool dark colors of the town and the lights in the windows makes the viewer use their imagination of what could exist in the night of the dark starry skies. At the center of the town is a steeple of a church that is reigning over the smaller buildings. Vincent Van Gogh was born in Groot-Zundert, Holland on March 30, 1853. Between 1860 and 1880, he decided to become an artist, and began to study art at the Academy Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels, Belgium. In 1886, he went to Paris, France to join his brother Theo. He moved to Arles, France in 1888 and remained there until his death on July 27, 1890, where he took his own life by shooting himself. While Van Gogh was alive he only sold one painting until, after his death is when his paintings became more popular. â€Å"Starry Night† is one of the most popular paintings and also being one of the most replicated and sought after prints.

Free Trade Agreement And Its Affect On Canadian Business Essays

Free Trade Agreement and Its Affect on Canadian Business With the coming of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) there have been very serious implications for Canadian business and for that matter, Canada as a whole. Many aspects of the previous economic climate have changed such as the reduction or eliminatation of tariffs and the restrictions on subsidies to name only a few. There has been much heated debate on the pros and cons of this deal: whether Canada will prosper or become the 51st. American state. This paper will not take this approach to the issue of whether or not it is a wise agreement, but will look at what business can do to better itself with the existing FTA. If Canadian business is to survive and prosper in this radically changed North American and Global atmosphere of easier trading, then it must adapt. Some of the main areas that will have to be addressed is the need for more productive and efficient operations, a new focus by business on the new trading reality, and a change in policies by Government to enable Canada to function better with the FTA. The FTA stands to alter Canadian business which has grown rather relaxed and inefficient behind walls of tarrifs. While these may have initially spurred industry, they have after time encouraged complacency. With these rapidly disappearing walls, business will have to become "lean and mean" in order to compete in a very competitive global market. Looking at the present state of affairs our status in research and development (R&D), labour costs and expansion, there is much that must be done. Compared to the other industrialized western nations we lag far behind in nearly all areas. Take for example R&D. In 1990 Canada spent approximately 2.1% on R&D. Japan spent 5.6% and Germany 4.8% Even the US spend more at 3.1%. Given these statistics, it will be very difficult for Canada to compete in any form of new technology if all parties are on a level field with less protective trade barriers. Another reason for a dire need for an increase in efficiency is the trade relationship we are currently involved in. While countries in say the EEC are in more or less the same economic power bracket between Canada and the US, there is a major size difference. So if we are to have any hope of competing with a power so large clearly we must become more efficient even more so than other countries. Another key aspect which business must deal with is that of becoming better suited to dealing with the North American, and to a lesser extent, other foreign markets rather than only to Canadian or even in some cases, to provincial markets. Corporations which do so stand far better of to gain from the FTA than those that do not. It would be wise for the example of Northern Telcom Ltd. to be followed. Where production and market presence are global and not just Canadian. Unfortunately many companies are not following this example and are still very much "Canadian" in their outlook. According to a Toronto Management consulting firm - Ernst and Young 62% of all Canadian manufacturers have no significant exports to the US. As Al Lituka a Professor at York, says: "The FTA has gven a strong phsycological impetus to thinking North American". 1 One trend of becoming better oriented for new markets is that of specialization. By taking a "niche" in the market and becoming very profficiant in it has proven to be very successful, as has also been the case with Northern Telecom Ltd. with its many hi- tech telecommunications equipment. Another example, albiet one in Europe, is Aerospatible, a French areospace firm. Through creating a superior product the Airbus commercial passenger plane, they have been able to capture a large share of the market even though France has never been considered a large power in production before and lacks the manufactuing ability of the US or Germany. Another trend is that of US and Canadian firms banding together. This makes a great deal of sense since not only can they handle the North American market in a more unified fashion, but they are stronger and thus more able to compete with Japanese and EEC competitors. Many multi-national corporations are following this continental incorporation to take advantage of the realigned tarrifs. One such company is Procter and Gamble. Before the FTA they had separate US and Canadian offices for marketing and production which resulted in a considerable duplication of tasks.

Poli-Sci essays

Poli-Sci essays In our society government system programs often do reach those people who are in need the most. In the 1960s there was a war on poverty and $7 billion dollars was put into this war by federal, state, and local governments. Even though there was so much money invested, the poor remained largely untouched. Programs such as Social Security, workers compensation, unemployment, and disability, distribute far more money to the middle class than to the lower ones. There are some programs that actually work, but those still only reach the minority of those actually in need. Programs such as Medicaid, food stamps, subsidized housing, and unemployment benefits are a few that actually help. The way these programs were run, appear to be radical liberalist. It appears that they put an effort in to help the poor, but did not take the time to see if it was going to the right people. Things have just gotten worse many cuts have taken place in the programs and the money is being moved to plac es where the more powerful want it. As they take away these programs, Classic liberalism is becoming more into view. Any chance for the poor to move into higher class gets slimmer and slimmer. This leaves the poor to subservience to the rich. In our society the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. This is not the way it should be, there needs to be more programs for the needy and all that power needs to be taken away from the oligarchs, hiding in the system to make themselves richer. Housing is another policy that reflects the many inequalities in our society. Homeowners in the richest 20% of our population receive almost 60% of housing subsidies in the form of property tax exemptions, interest deductions, and capital gains deferral on housing sales. Only one-quarter of poor households receive any kind of housing subsidy. In policies like these it is just the rich trying to help the rich make more money. Obviously this ...

The importance of exchange rate regimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The importance of exchange rate regimes - Essay Example In terms of monetary policy (management of money and interest rates), the exchange rate is managed by a country through its exchange rate regime, an organized set of rules through which a nation’s exchange rate is established, especially the way the monetary or other government authorities are or are not involved in the foreign exchange market. These regimes include floating exchange rates, pegged exchange rates, managed float, crawling peg, currency board and exchange controls. It is the manner in which a country manages its currency in vis-à  -vis foreign countries and the foreign exchange market.  Dornbusch et al. (1999) differentiates the fixed and floating exchange rate regimes through the following: in a fixed exchange rate system, foreign central banks stand ready to buy and sell their currencies at a fixed price in terms of another currency, for example, dollars. From the end of the second world war up to 1973, major countries had fixed exchange rates against one an other. Presently, there are still those that use the system while others prefer to use the floating exchange rate. Recent developments include the revaluation of the Chinese yuan in July 2005 in which Chinese monetary authorities decided to allow the currency to gradually â€Å"float† against the dollar. By contrast, the central banks allow the exchange rate to adjust to equate the supply and demand for foreign currency in a floating exchange rate system.   Dornbusch et al. (2003) divides such exchange rate regime into three more subsystems.... Mishkin (2003) defines the exchange rate as the price of one currency in terms of another (say euros per dollar) and it is in the foreign exchange market that they are determined. In terms of monetary policy (management of money and interest rates), the exchange rate is managed by a country through its exchange rate regime, an organized set of rules through which a nation's exchange rate is established, especially the way the monetary or other government authorities are or are not involved in the foreign exchange market. These regimes include floating exchange rates, pegged exchange rates, managed float, crawling peg, currency board and exchange controls. It is the manner in which a country manages its currency in vis--vis foreign countries and the foreign exchange market. Dornbusch et al. (1999) differentiates the fixed and floating exchange rate regimes through the following: in a fixed exchange rate system, foreign central banks stand ready to buy and sell their currencies at a fixed price in terms of another currency, for example, dollars. From the end of the second world war up to 1973, major countries had fixed exchange rates against one another. Presently, there are still those that use the system while others prefer to use the floating exchange rate. Recent developments include the revaluation of the Chinese yuan in July 2005 in which Chinese monetary authorities decided to allow the currency to gradually "float" against the dollar. By contrast, the central banks allow the exchange rate to adjust to equate the supply and demand for foreign currency in a floating exchange rate system.1 Dornbusch et al. (2003) divides such exchange rate regime into

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 25

Globalization - Essay Example stations globalization includes increase in the rate of international trade, multi-national companies, high dependency on the global economy, free movement of goods, services, and capital. Globalization also refers to the ease of movement across national borders, technology, investment, labor, and finance. The speedy rise of globalization has been due to the efforts by international bodies like the IMF and WTO that have reduced trade barriers (Michie, 2011). Globalization manifests itself through technological advancement. In fact, it is through technology that the world can communicate and connect without boundaries. Information technology is the basis for the modern economic growth that also translates to increased globalization (Michie, 2011). Globalization, therefore, manifests itself in the manner in which investors, consumers, and businesses sue modest tools to identify and pursue their economic opportunities. Other manifestations of globalization include the extent in which companies analyze economic trends worldwide, easy assets transfer and strategic collaborations (Herzog, 2014). Nonetheless, the existence of transnational corporations shows how the world has become a single and unique market. On the other hand, the improved supply chains is an indication that globalization is transforming the world. For instance, China manufactures goods which in turn get exported to Fiji for finishing and the products find their way to Sydne y for sale. The above is an example of global supply chain that is a manifestation of globalization. The primary advantage of globalization is that it has improved the way people receive and send information (Herzog, 2014). Communication has improved tremendously save to globalization that puts no boundaries for people to interact. Another advantage is that globalization has improved the world’s economy. The removal of trade barriers and ease of access to foreign markets is mainly because of globalization (Herzog, 2014). Due to

CASE STUDY ----- Accsys Technologies PLC Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

----- Accsys Technologies PLC - Case Study Example This paper will analyze the financial statements and annual reports of the company and identify three areas of heightened audit risk in the auditing of the company this year. In addition, the paper will explain the reasons for five substantive audit procedures in relation to the areas of heightened audit risk identified. From the annual report of the company, it is evident that there are some areas that require heightened audit risk this year. One of the areas in the company that has heightened audit risk is the operating costs. There was an increase in the operating costs of the company by 11%. While the figure was 13.5 million pounds in 2013, it rose to 15 million pounds in 2014. This resulted from high costs of administration that the organization incurred during the year. Moreover, there were legal costs that resulted from the arbitration process related to the Diamond Wood. The cost of staff also increased by 9% and this was as a result of the increase in head count (ACCSYS TECHNOLGIES 2015). Operating costs is an area of heightened risk audit in this company since they determine whether the costs incurred by the company are being used to cover the relevant expenses. In addition, costs determine whether there is effective management of costs in the organization and ascertain whether there are activities that contribute to the wastage of the company’s resources. For Accsys Technologies PLC, operating costs represent an area of heightened risk since they keep on increasing and might affect the profitability of the company, as well as the initial business plan of the organization. With proper auditing of the costs such as staff costs, the management can make adjustments to the operations of the organization and ensure that the company is in the right track (ACCSYS TECHNOLGIES 2015). Another area of heightened audit risk in the audit of the company this year is

family therapy

family therapy The concept of family therapy is perceived as a form of psychotherapy involving all the members of the nuclear family. Family therapy should be conducted by a team of therapists or at least a pair. In many situations the team should consist of a man and a woman so as to treat gender related issues used as a role model to the members of the family in question. The family therapy models are based on psychodynamic principles or behaviors while others are based on family systems theories which regard a family as a unit of treatment, as a whole while emphasizing on such values as communication patterns as opposed to traits and relationships (Medical Psychology, 2009, p. 1). The history of Murray Bowen interest in psychiatry as a physician dates back to 2nd world War. After the War Bowen became trained and worked at the Menninger Clinic at Kansas: Topeka which is very famous; founded by two brothers who were practitioners of psychoanalytic technique in psychiatry. Bowen had a feeling of confusion as well trapped at the Menninger dynamics. The particular issue that gave him distress was the manner in which the two brothers and the employees were involving patients and other employees in crazy making interactions. He realized that he was in a position to think of the problem in the clinic while traveling but could become dysfunctional immediately he reported back to work. He discovered that the families of schizophrenic patients who were victims of the War communicated in disturbed manner. The patients symptoms were noted to rise or fall dependent on the tension between the parents (Medical Psychology, 2009, p. 1). Bowen came to a realization that he could be able to think more clearly of his own family of origin dynamics in those times that he spent away form his family of origin. He discovered that family members had a tendency to complain to him of other familys members without talking directly to the persons about the problem. He came to a realization that he could be in a position to think more clearly of what was happening when not communicating with any of the family members encountering more difficulties when communication with the complainant (Medical Psychology, 2009, p. 1). Its based on these observations that he set a course towards deliberately changing his own ways of interacting with his family. In a speech he delivered in a professional meeting he disclosed his endeavor in the family approach breaking therapist tradition of never disclosing own family information and published a paper that became very famous on his family of origin known as Framo in 1972 (Medical Psychology, 2009, p. 1). Bowen theorized that people who are mentally ill were caught in the pattern of their families fusion or undifferentiated ego mass to an extent that they are symptoms careers for the illness of the entire family rather than characterologically flawed ill. Bowen would hospitalize the entire family so that he could treat the emotional problem rather than offer treatment to the individual (Medical Psychology, 2009, p. 1). The key concepts in the in Bowens family psychodynamics included: Differentiated self; the concept of differentiation of self refers to an individuals ability to maintain strong sense of self while still maintaining strong connectivity with a strong emotional system. A person is able to differentiate what one thinks and feels as separated from system dynamics whereby an individual is able to think and act on his/ her own opinion with no influence from the family members influence; acting on personal judgment. Such a person can have other peoples opinions and advice but make an independent decision. Bowen notes that differentiation of the self in a family dynamic as opposed to an individual characteristic. The process is observable through friendship, family or work. A person should get to a level of differentiating emotions from thoughts (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 140). Fusion; is the opposite of self differentiation where Bowen noted that all people endeavor to balance intimacy from autonomy. Without autonomy one may not be able to think for him/herself. This leads to easily being swayed by other peoples opinions and feelings emanating from the natural tendency to feel connected and have intimacy with others. On the other hand there is a feeling of anxiety when we start losing our autonomy hence an attempt to develop a separate self. Bowen hence argues that most of behaviors are the rational attempts to balance between the separateness and the natural togetherness. The fusion of anxiety leads to emotionality and reactivity under stress (Titelman, 1998, p. 21). Triangulation: Bowen pointed out that emotionally significant relationships are shadowed by third parties who may include; relatives, workmates and the work itself, objects and memories. He noted that relationships are dynamics where there are cycles of closeness of distance whereby triangles may develop during distance times. In a situation where one person undergoes through more distress he/she is likely to identify another person elsewhere so as to have an ally. Sometimes the significant other may offer help when they sense conflict (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 137). Counselors role The role of counselor in the process of development of psychodynamic approaches within family systems therapy as presented by Bowen revolves around the goals of therapy. One of the major goals of this therapy is to reduce anxiety as one increases differentiation of self. Its incumbent for the councilor first to note the problem in the patient and help the client first accept that they have a problem. Any healing process will emanate from admitting that indeed the problem exists (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 137-171). The councilor has a role to use his/her experience in tracing the family pattern. As Bowen argues a client is symptom carrier for the entire nuclear family and hence an attempt to treat the patient without treating the entire family will be just cooling the problem for sometime for the root of the problem is not identified; tracing the family pattern helps the councilor to understand the core of the problem so as to offer cure to the sickness rather than to the symptoms. The counselor will do this through paying attention to patterns of emotional reactivity and paying attention to the structures that includes interlocking triangles (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 137-171). The counselor should endeavor to create a connection with the family members while working on their levels of anxiety and emotional arousals in the entire system. He/she should also define parameters of central symptomatic triangles. The therapist should remain free of emotional entanglement so that he will not feel stuck. He should coach the client in that the client will cultivate responses. He should be clear to the client of what he feels, not giving confusing sentiments (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 137-171). The role of a client in the Bowens model to the development of psychodynamic approaches within family systems therapy facilitates the treatment process. The greatest role of a client is to show cooperation in the therapy process, as mach as a counselor may have the relevant experience, the success of this therapy is dependent on the client. Since the councilor takes the role of a couch the client will have to obey the couch to get over the problem. He should answer the questions directed to him/her truthfully. The client should create conducive environment that will enable the counselor to offer the necessary help. For example in the tracing of the family patterns a therapist can not be able to do it without the assistance of the client. This calls for trust and openness on the part of the client towards the counselor (Williamson, 2002, p, 115- 117). The client will have to accept that they have a problem and realize the need for securing solution. The client should be keen to listen to the instructions commit themselves to the healing process by comply with and implement all the instructions to the letter. The client should have readjustment of the mind. If he/she has always believed that he can only make a decision based on what others especially family members say, then such calls for an absolute turn to making decisions based on own personality (Williamson, 2002, p. 115- 117). Advantages and limitations of Bowens family therapy This model on family therapy is one of the most distinctive models for its in-depth approach an evaluation of the family beyond the symptoms in the present. The focus which it takes in the on the emotional process over individuals or generations differentiation in their systematic context does offer a therapist a multi level view which has been reserved for psychodynamic therapies (Corey, 2005, p. 421-424). The approach is able to pay attention to the emotional interaction of the therapist as well as that of their client. This process expects that in one way or the other a therapists life applies to the therapy process in one way or the other. In this way the therapist is able to remain Meta to the clients family system (Corey, 2005, p. 421-424). Research has identified family therapy system as having several advantages. Its principles have been used by many therapists in family settings. The approach has an advantage of broadening the perception of a therapist through incorporation of the family system theory in therapy process. It provides a practitioner with a holistic perception of the problem in question and hence easily come up with treatment measures (SPB, 2007, para. 4). It also has strength in relation to developing a solution to a problem in that it takes into account the congregation as a whole. It considers a family as a living organism which is continually affected by all the elements that comprise the whole (Prest Protinskey, 1993, 352-360). Hence it provides a global view of an individual with a problem and his/her social constructs; it may offer a more exhaustive therapy in light of this (Carr, 2006, p. 56). Some of the limitations that that have been outlined in relation to Bowens model include: therapist have identified that its not always possible to integrate the entire family into the treatment process; even though if a therapist is able to change an individual to fit into the system, he/she will play a key role in bringing the entire family into the healing process. Bowens family therapy model is found to ignore many of the positive roles of familys togetherness and may be malfunctioned to an individual from collective cultures. Critique to Bowens approach Bowens model of family theory has not escaped the eyes of rational criticism on its approach to the concept of family therapy; several of Bowens therapists have acknowledged that wider focus on the approach by Bowen can be a drawback since many clients are focusing only on addressing symptoms relief n nuclear family. They argue that the symptom reduction approach by Bowen is perceived just a groundwork from which families are free to proceed to less anxiously to working on de-triangling and enhanced levels of differentiation. In this lies a clear risk of discrepancies in client and therapist purposes (Kerr Bowen, 1988, p. 395). The approach has been criticized as having paid too much attention on mothers contribution in the symptom development in children. Some evidence to the allegation can be found by scanning the index to Kerr and Bowen (1988). In the two theorists publications fathers do not affirm a category yet mothers are referenced in relation to families of schizophrenics, levels of differentiation in the child, and their role in triangles (Kerr Bowen, 1988, p. 395). They have been criticized as having failed to contextualize maternal behavior. Patriarchal supposition regarding male / female roles along with family organization are not recognized or critiqued, leaving women susceptible to having their socially approved roles pathologised. Women are readily labeled as over fretful, and their vigorous, relational role in families too effortlessly labeled as undifferentiated. There is no puzzlement of societal norms that can be seen to [school] females into undifferentiating by teaching them always to put others needs first (Corey, 2005, p. 421-424). Conclusion Bowen has been recorded as being among the first people to pioneer the network of family relationships. His family system therapy has a very comprehensive view of human behavior and relationships (Nichols Schwartz, 2001, p. 317). In his theoretical formulations he talked about differentiation of self, triangulation, nuclear family emotional process, family projection process, and Multigenerational Transmission Process. Basically family therapy system represents a hypothesis which perceives a family as an emotional unit which employs system thinking in the description of a complex interaction within that unit. The model has been utilized by many therapists in transforming marriages and familys life. It has clearly showed the connection between an individuals problem to role of the family in extrapolating of the problem. The model attempts to explain the need of individuals in a family setting developing individuality. The model has profoundly showed the effect of each others thought feelings and action to an individual. It uses systematic thinking n describing complex interaction of a family that is considered as an emotional unit. The theory is based on the principle of interconnectivity and reactivity in a familys emotional setting. The model observes a clients problematic behavior as serving a function for the family. The individual problematic behavior may also serve as a familys inability in productivity.teh maladaptive behavior may be a manifestation of dysfunctional patters that have been passed down from one generation to another (Corey, 2001, p. 384-451). References Medical Psychology. (2009). Family Therapy. Retrieved on 17th January, 2010 from: http://www.answers.com/library/Medical+Encyclopedia-cid-2882124 Nichols, M. Schwartz, R. (2001). Bowen family system therapy. In M. P. Nichols R. C. Schwartz, Family therapy: Concepts and methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Williamson, S. (2002). The Intimacy Paradox: Personal Authority in the Family System The Guilford Family Therapy Series, New York, NY: Guilford Press. Titelman, P. (1998). Clinical Applications of Bowen Family Systems Theory: Haworth marriage and the family. New York, NY: Rutledge. Corey, G. (2005). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. New Jersey, NJ: Cengage Learning, 2005 Michael, E. (1988). Murray Bowen Family evaluation: an approach based on Bowen theory. London, UK: Norton. Prest, L. Protinsky, H. (1993). Family systems theory: A unifying framework for the codependence. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 21(4), 352-360. Carr, A. (2006). Family Therapy: Concepts, Process and Practice, 2nd Edition. London, UK: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Social Psychology Blog 2. (2007). A Theoretical Overview of Family Systems Theory within the Discipline of Social Psychology. Retrieved on 17th January, 2010 from: http://secondattemptatblog.blogspot.com/2007/10/blog-2-theroretical-overview-of-family.html Corey, G. (2001). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 6th Edition. Stamford: Brooks/Cole Publishing, 384-451.

Essay --

Phoenix Jackson’s Journey The character of Phoenix is the protagonist in the â€Å"A Worn Path,† written by Eudora Welty. She is proud, loving, and determined. You see Phoenix Jackson on her long and difficult journey to get medicine for her sick grandson. The story is told from the third-person point of view. Though she was faced with many obstacles on her journey to the city, through the devotion and love she had for her grandson we see what type of person she really is. Phoenix Jackson survives the great depression, which tells us that she is an older woman who is very wise, and maybe a little scattered. In the beginning of the story, Phoenix is on a journey, she walks slowly in the dark pine shadows through the pinewoods. The author introduces Phoenix, as an old black woman and the author writes, â€Å"Far out in the country there was an old Negro woman with her head tied in a red rag, coming along the path through the pinewoods† (183). The reason why she is taking such a long trip into town is because her grandson is very sick, and she needs to get medication for his throat. Despite P... Essay -- Phoenix Jackson’s Journey The character of Phoenix is the protagonist in the â€Å"A Worn Path,† written by Eudora Welty. She is proud, loving, and determined. You see Phoenix Jackson on her long and difficult journey to get medicine for her sick grandson. The story is told from the third-person point of view. Though she was faced with many obstacles on her journey to the city, through the devotion and love she had for her grandson we see what type of person she really is. Phoenix Jackson survives the great depression, which tells us that she is an older woman who is very wise, and maybe a little scattered. In the beginning of the story, Phoenix is on a journey, she walks slowly in the dark pine shadows through the pinewoods. The author introduces Phoenix, as an old black woman and the author writes, â€Å"Far out in the country there was an old Negro woman with her head tied in a red rag, coming along the path through the pinewoods† (183). The reason why she is taking such a long trip into town is because her grandson is very sick, and she needs to get medication for his throat. Despite P...

Logistics Readiness

Logistics came from the word logos (), which means â€Å"calculation, ratio, reason, speech and oration.† Since ancient times, logistics is already used to supply, move and maintain armies especially during war time. Historical leaders such as Alexander the Great, Hannibal Barca, and the Duke of Wellington are said to be logistical geniuses who mobilized their army through great distances, and won numerous battles. During World War II, logistics played an important role for the United States since the resources is during that time is limited due to the depression and most of the battles happened in enemy territories in Europe. Today, logistics is now also known as supply chain management (SCM) and defined as the art and science of planning, operation, control, design and development, procurement, inventory, maintenance, storage, distribution and replacement of personnel, materials, supplies and other resources. (LogisticsWorld) Logistics or SCM does not only apply to the military but to business, production and trade well. The main objective of logistics is simple, that is, to use the resources without waste to meet or exceed the demands of the party in need. These resources that must be minimized (or sometimes maximized) include fuel, personnel, equipment, storage facilities, handling facilities, transport vehicles and most importantly, time and money. There are two criteria for which all logistics decisions and policies are based. These are production efficiency and effectiveness. (Eccles, 1959) By using the resources efficiently and effectively is to have the advantage of getting bigger opportunities, higher revenues, strategic advantage in coverage and location, and preparedness for crucial events that might happen. Developed from James A. Huston’s Sinews of War are some of the important principles considered in logistics. These principles are: Timing. Should be relative to the objective and dependent in the level of procurement, whether a high-level or a just simply a tactical supply. Proper timing is important especially when certain risks are involved in accomplishing a certain task. Feasibility. Logistics planning and design should also consider the organization’s capabilities of carrying out orders. It is crucial to determine whether the organization can possibly accomplish the task given the difficulty of the demands. Flexibility. A logistics organization must be capable of adapting to new or changes in requirements or terrain conditions. A logistics organization must be able to convert according to the present conditions or problems that are encountered anytime along the way. Information. Accurate and up-to-date information on every aspect is vital to logistics planning and distribution. False or unseen information may lead to accidents or loss of revenue. Economics. Resources allocated for logistics are almost always limited and it is necessary to use them in the best way to achieve or exceed the primary goal. Relativity. Logistics activity is all relative to time, location, availability of resources and circumstances and can never be absolute. Each logistic activity is unique and changes according to different conditions and demands. Location is also an important factor being considered in logistics. This applies for both the distribution center and the destinations at which the required product or good is needed. It is crucial to determine the location in logistics as it determines the distance, total time needed to travel, and how big is the coverage of the distribution center at which it can deliver the desired goods at minimized cost. The nearer the location of the distribution center, the shorter the time it takes to deliver and the lesser the cost of travel that will be used. Location does not only mean the distance but also the topography of the region. The topography of the place between the source and destination dictates the appropriate or best mode of transport that should be used. For example, to deliver supplies in mountainous area from a lowland city, the best way to deliver the product or good in a time-efficient manner is through air by helicopters. But if there is an acceptable and safe road present towards the destination, delivering by land is more cost-efficient. To attain higher logistic efficiency, there are a lot of factors that are involved depending on the demands and level of procurement. Location is only one but an important factor that must be considered to have a more efficient and effective method of procurement and distribution of goods. Some of these factors include: the distribution strategy; resource availability; network configuration, and; inventory management. Logistics, added with efficiency and effectiveness translates to power. (Boutelle, 2007) This applies to both the military and in trade & industry. Logistics can be seen as military power or economic power depending on the one who perceives it. As of today, the United States military does not content itself of having the most powerful army, but now also develop ways in order to create a the most cost-effective military that can withstand the long-term war on terrorism. The knowledge and foresight of supply and movement factors are the basis of a logistician’s plan. Only then he can know when and how to take risks that will win him battles and achieve the ultimate goal; which is the betterment of his fellow men. (Wavell, 1946) References: Boutelle, L. G. (2007). CIO View. Retrieved August 18, 2007, from Defense Systems Website: http://www.defensesystems.com/issues/1_5/cio_view/464-1.html Cox, M. D. (1999, September). LogisticsWorld. Retrieved August 17, 2007, from LogisticsWorld Website: http://www.logisticsworld.com/logistics.htm Eccles, A. H. (1959). Logistics in the National Defense. Harrisburg, Pa. How The Army Runs. (n.d.). Retrieved August 17, 2007, from US Army WAr College Website: http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usawc/dclm/linkedtextchapters/CHAPTER12.pdf Huston, J. A. (1966). The Sinews of War: Army Logistics, 1775-1953. Washington: Office of Military History, United States Army. Wavell, F. M. (1946). Speaking Generally. London: Macmillan. Worthen, B. (n.d.). ABC: An Introduction to Supply Chain Management. Retrieved August 18, 2007, from Business Technology Leadership Website: http://www.cio.com/article/40940   

Man was born free and is everywhere in chains Essay Example

Man was born free and is everywhere in chains Essay Example Man was born free and is everywhere in chains Paper Man was born free and is everywhere in chains Paper p. 29. 9 Ibid, p. 33. 10 Alexis de Tocqueville, The old Regime and the French revolution (New York: Double Day Anchor Books, 1955), p. 69. (original published 1856, publisher unknown) 11 Cited in Carter, p. 41. 12 Cited in Andrew Heywood, Modern Political Ideologies (London: Macmillan Press, 1992), p. 127. 13 Richard Sylvan, Anarchism in Goodin, Robert, Philip Pettit (ed. ), A companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy (Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1993), pp. 215-242. 14 Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies: An Introduction (London: Macmillan Press, 1992). p. 193. 15 George Growder, Classical Anarchism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991). p. 191. 16 April Carter, p. 169. 17 David Miller, Anarchism, (London: J. M. Dent Sons Ltd, 1984), p. 171. 18 George Growder, Classical Anarchism, p. 192. 19 Ibid,. p. 193. 20 Norman, P. Barry, An intro to modern political theory, (London: Macmillan Press, 1981). p. 83. 21 John Passmore, The Perfectibility of Man (London: Duckworth, 1970), p. 189. 22 Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies, p. 211. 23 Harold Barclay, People Without Government, p. 134. 24 David Morland, Anarchism, Human Nature and History, in Jon Purkis James Bowen (ed. ), Twenty-first Century Anarchism (London: Cassell Press, 2000), pp. 8-21. p. 21. 25 Goaman, Karen Mo Dodson. , A Subversive Current? : Contempory Anarchism Considered in Jon Purkis James Bowen (ed. ), Twenty-first Century Anarchism (London: Cassell Press, 2000), pp. 83-97. 26 Murray Bookchin, Anarchism, Marxism, and the Future of the Left (Edinburgh: A. K. Press, 1999). p. 154. 27 Andrew Heywood, p. 211. 28 David Miller, Anarchism, p. 183. Andrew Wallace/1592038/Dr. P. Bradshaw/Political Science/MAS2010.

International Brand Licensing Essay Sample

International Brand Licensing Essay Sample International Brand Licensing Essay Example International Brand Licensing Essay Example Brand licensing refers to a contract between a licensor and a licensee that entails the use of an intangible asset (Gardner 2012). This contract is related to leasing and renting of the intangible asset to another party who will be obliged to pay lease rentals to the licensor. The licensee usually seeks licensing from the licensor when the former intends to use a brand related to a particular product on a given territory (Battersby Simon 2011). Such a contract tends to aid in enhancing the acceptability of a particular product in a particular market. Sales volume of the licensee increases due to the consumer association with the brand name applied in marketing (Stim 2010). Companies that enjoy a good public image thus tend to lease out their brand name to other companies that would enable them to receive more income. Such a licensing agreement is ideal in an environment where the company has not initially established its business (Gardner 2012). Despite the fact that the licensor may enjoy a good public image, it may not be possible to establish business in all parts of the world (Alexander Lerner 2004). This is regardless of whether the business is a multinational company or not. Inability to establish operations is also contributed to the nature of the sphere in which the company operates (Reese 2011). For instance, Harvard University is a reputable institution based in the United States. However, the university may not be able to establish its branches in many countries of the world. This is due to the complexity of the subject matter and the challenges that are associated with decentralization as it may compromise the quality of learning (Alexander Lerner 2004). Being the worlds most reputable institution of higher learning, some institutions may attempt to offer their educational programs in collaboration with Harvard. This aims at marketing their educational programs as well as realizing revenue. In the telecommunications industry, Apple and Samsung, the two major competitors, have developed superior brands that are admired by many users in the world (Stim 2010). However, the manufacturing operations of these companies are conducted only in a few countries (Reese 2011). At times, there may not be adequate resources to manufacture enough products to satisfy the demands of the whole world. In addition, consumers in different parts of the world may not afford the brands produced by these companies (Battersby Simon 2011). This may render the firms unable to meet their targets in terms of sales volume and profitability. Due to the logistics related to the supply of these commodities, the firms may not have enough resources to access all the domains of the market. Therefore, this prompts the need for brand licensing contracts. Brand licensing contracts result in the mutual benefit of both parties to the contract. A licensee obtains improved market demand for his/her products (Gardner 2012). Based on the terms of the contract, the licensee pays regular amounts to the licensor for use of the brand and trademarks as royalties. Such a relationship reveals symbiosis in the operations; therefore organizations can help one another to maximize the value of their operations (Thorpe C. Bailey 2009). One of the pre-requisites for such a contract to be started is the existence of a general goal to be achieved by the two contracting individuals or companies. Proper drafting of the contract must be made in order to incorporate the interests of both contracting parties (Stim 2010). This thus requires a thorough understanding of the legal principles surrounding the existence of both contracting parties. In addition, the terms of the contract must be binding and must clearly stipulate the rights and responsibilities of ea ch of the parties (Battersby Simon 2011). It should also specify the grounds on which the contract is to be revoked. In other cases, intangible cases that can be subject to brand licensing include a song, a character, a name or any other particular product brand. For instance, an organization may use the identity of a famous person to advertise its products (Gardner 2012). This could range from any sphere including sports, music and other industries. The agreement between the person and the company would entail the person allowing his/her name to be used by the licensee to promote his/her products (Levy Judy 2011). Payments for the patent will then be remitted to the person. A licensee is also at liberty to sign more than one license contracts with many licensors for the sake of one product. This will create a multi-brand scenario (Alexander Lerner 2004). Organizations are thus able to experience a massive growth because of such brand contracts. Customer identity with the product is enhanced and therefore sales of the product as well as the profitability of the firm increase. For licensing contracts to be started, the parties involved follow various steps. The process begins by a licensor selecting the categories of products to be licensed (Thorpe Bailey 2009). A thorough search for the appropriate license then begins followed by the review of the terms and conditions of each of licensees. Negotiation of contract requirements thus occurs at this stage. Agreements on the consideration and duration of this contract are also discussed at this stage. This stage is then followed by the development of the prototype of the product and the incorporation of the brand particulars after which it is sent for approval to the management of both companies (Jean Bastien 2012). The licensee, at this stage, will develop samples and concepts about the brand particulars. Approval of the licensed products for sale then follows. The licensees should present the developed prototype to the licensor for approval as to whether that would work best to serve their interests (Batte rsby Simon 2011). Finally, the process is concluded as the licensees sell the licensed products to the authorized retailers. These retailers then distribute the products to the consumers. Branding creates the consumer acceptance of the product. In order for licensing to be a success, licensees usually prefer a brand name that would attract consumers and hence boost the sales of the product. The licensee should ensure that the contract leads to a positive net present value of the project in the end (Battersby Simon 2011). Any contract that does not lead to significant increase in sales volume and consumer preference should be re-evaluated to assess its economic viability. Such an evaluation can be made through the assessment of the market trends to derive a model that explains the market situation. This can be used to predict time series and performance trends of an organization. Cash flow forecasting is thus rendered appropriate in determining the success of the licensing agreement (Chevailer Mazzalovo 2012). Regression analysis is one of the most appropriate forecasting methods (Levy Judy 2011). It entails an analysis of the relationship between different variables affecting sales. A line of best fit can then be derived in order to represent such a relationship. As a result, it is possible to predict the expected trend of sales as time progresses and parameters vary. This enables the firm to make decisions on whether to continue with the licensing contract or not. It can also aid the licensee in deciding whether to incorporate other licensors in the license contract (Gardner 2012). Such a move will widen the scope of consumer acceptance of the product. In order to achieve the major financial objective of the firm, proper investment valuation is important (Stim 2010). The management should adopt effective capital budgeting decisions during the analysis in order to ensure that both parties benefit from the agreement (Jean Bastien 2012). This will ensure that they maximize the shareholders value. This project entails manufacture and sale of clothes in markets of different developing countries. The major factory will be located in Eldoret, Kenya. Different clothes will be manufactured including jerseys, jackets, T-shirts and trousers. These clothes are expected to be exported to various countries in the world. However, in order to attract more customers, the project will depend on a licensing contract that would involve signing contracts with the worlds best sportsmen (Levy Judy 2011). This includes football professionals like Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. In order to penetrate the English market, Wayne Rooney would be important in marketing of the clothes manufactured. Since most of people in the world identify with sports, a brand containing the name of each of the sportsmen would increase market penetration. While initiating these brand-licensing contracts, the important legal principles should be considered including the statutory provisions applicable in the respective countries (Thorpe Bailey 2009). License terms should be clearly defined. This refers to the length of the contract. The terms regarding termination and extent of the agreement should be also defined in this contract (Chevailer Mazzalovo 2012). Territory is also a prerequisite in brand licensing. It defines the environment in which the product is supposed to be sold. Such an environment should be receptive to a particular brand name used by a company to market its products. For instance, in order to penetrate the Caribbean market, it is important to use the brand name of Usain Bolt, the worlds fastest sprinter from Jamaica. Clothes with the brand name of the athlete will be easily accepted in the market (Stim 2010). The African market will be easily accessed using the brand name of Didier Drogba. Provisions for renewal of such contracts should be also included in the agreement. After obtaining the trademark, the licensee will distribute the products to various markets without any limitations (Chevailer Mazzalovo 2012). A fraction of the net sales made will be shared with the licensor as per the contract agreement. International business risks In the respective markets, the major challenges that will be faced include recognition of the product among consumers who are not supporters and lovers of a particular sport. In addition to those who don’t like sports, some consumers do not identify with the personalities used to promote the product (Levy Judy 2011). Since each celebrity has his/her fans, it may be difficult to market the product to those who are not fans of the selected celebrity hence negatively affecting the market demand. It is also difficult to raise adequate funds to finance the production and marketing activities. Due to the robust marketing strategies involved, it is also difficult to sustain the increased demand (Jean Bastien 2012). This may lead to increased cases of stock-out costs. Such episodes of stock-outs affect the firm in a negative way due to the challenges related to dealing with disappointed customers. The back order costs associated with the episodes of stock-outs give an edge to the competitors of the company (Stim 2010). This will eventually result into losses suffered by the company. Inadequate infrastructure is also a major challenge especially in developing countries. This leads to challenges faced by an organization when transporting commodities to the market. Transportation of commodities in such market environments is associated with enormous costs hence increasing the overall cost of production (Jean Bastien 2012). Political stability in developing countries is also a major challenge to the success of business operations in such an environment. Due to political unrests, it is difficult to organize production activities in the market. Consumer purchasing power is also affected hence resulting to low sales. Foreign exchange risk also affects organizations involved in international trade (Chevailer Mazzalovo 2012). This is the fluctuation in exchange rates. Such fluctuations lead to foreign exchange losses hence affecting the overall performance of the organization. Due to diversity in the market environment, losses caused by non-performing branches will be o ffset against the profits generated by performing branches on the verge of consolidation of the financial statements. Cultural diversity will also affect the range of products produced by the firm (Stim 2010). This is due to the variations in the acceptable codes of conduct in different societies. Such societies prescribe values including modes of dressing. Some cultures also condemn participation of various members of the population in various sports, which will negatively affect the sales of the company (Jean Bastien 2012). Government policies enacted in the country of operation will also affect the survival of the business. Adverse policies will lead to reduced sales hence negatively affecting profitability of the firm. For instance, government may levy heavy taxes on foreign products to shield local industries from competition. This thus adversely affects the performance of the business. In order to overcome such risks, the organization should focus on identification of the values prevailing in the society. A thorough market survey should be conducted with an appropriate feasibility study to determine the expected trends of operations. In addition to using such brands, massive product promotion strategies should be adopted through other advertising media (Chevailer Mazzalovo 2012). Modern technology should also be embraced in order to ensure that quality production is done. The firm should focus on cost minimization as a method of ensuring that the shareholder value is maximized due to increased profit margins (Levy Judy 2011). Generated profits should also be invested to finance the increased range of operations as the company advances into new markets. Partnerships with various governments should also be encouraged in order to enhance the survival of the business (Stim 2010). The firm should be involved in corporate social responsibility in order to enhance acceptability of the products in the market. As the organization engages in activities that improve the welfare of its consumers, customer loyalty will increase hence consumption of the product will increase (Chevailer Mazzalovo 2012). This boosts sales as well as the overall profitability of the firm. Clear goals should also be set to guide various branch managers of the company. Such goals should be specific, measurable and achievable in order to avoid confusion. Appropriate performance reviews should be done and necessary corrective actions taken at necessary intervals (Jean Bastien 2012). This should also be associated with hiring of competent personnel and managers to run the operations of the business based on the company`s mission. Terms of License Agreements To come to an agreement with the sportsmen, various terms must be clearly defined. Clothes to be produced shall contain the brand names of the sportsmen inscribed on each item produced. Different brands shall be sold in different markets depending on the most popular athlete brand (Gardner 2012). However, other brands shall also constitute about 30% of the total supply in such markets to cater for the minority who do not identify with the dominant athlete in such an environment. Determination of the clothes to be manufactured shall depend on the prevailing customer tastes and preferences in the particular market t (Reese 2011). A thorough market research will therefore be conducted in order to come up with the best products that would meet consumer tastes and preferences. Proper records shall be kept concerning the quantity of each brand manufactured and sold in order to enhance effective accounting (Gardner 2012). Regular stocktaking shall be done to form the quantity basis for computing royalties that will be paid to the licensor. Royalty payment will be based on the volumes of commodities produced and sold (Jean Bastien 2012). This shall make up 10% of the contribution margin, which is the excess of the selling price over the variable cost per unit. The fixed costs related to the production of the commodities will be borne by the licensee. All royalty payments shall be paid to the licensee at the end of the accounting period. Such payments shall be made in terms of the US dollar. The rate applicable shall be the average rate throughout the financial period (Jean Bastien 2012). This payment shall be remitted on the last day of the third month following the audit of the financial statements of the company (Gardner 2012). The audit work should be done by a multinational audit firm preferably Price Waterhouse Coopers due to its good reputation. c of the audit work, an auditor shall send an audit report to both licensor and licensee. The licensor shall grant exclusive production rights to the licensee hence it will be upon the company to develop the product line and engage in any profit making business (Fox 2008). In case of increased sales and profits of the company, the rate of compensation to the licensor shall be adjusted appropriately. Quality control measures shall be instilled in the production. This will be enhanced through employment of qualified staff with high levels of competence. Appropriate checks and balances shall also be put in place in order to prevent any misappropriation of the organizations resources. Standardization of the products shall also be ensured due to the uniformity of the production technology applied by the company (Fox 2008). There shall be no warranties given to the product consumers except where there is proof that the product has not been used by the client. Such sales return shall not be accepted after a period of five working days following the date of sale. A licensee shall not be entitled to sublicense or transfer of the license to a third party who is not privy to the contract (Thorpe Bailey 2009). Such actions shall be viewed as a breach of the original contract rendering the licensee liable for damages caused by such a breach. The amount to be paid shall be the full amount of profits made as a result of such a sublicensing agreement. This agreement shall render any prior agreements made regarding licensure null and void (Fox 2008). No other subsequent licensing agreement shall be entered into that will rank more superior to the current agreement. Such an agreement does not however result into any partnership or joint venture between the licensor and the licensee. No contractual obligation exists that binds the parties to proceed with business beyond the duration of the licensure (Gardner 2012). The licensor shall not receive any property and ownership of the company during or after the duration of the contract. Goodwill arising fro m the license agreement shall be tested for impairment under IAS 36 and the appropriate amount charged to the income statement. In case of disputes, resolutions shall be done through negotiations. Agents shall represent both the licensor and the licensee. Failure to reach an agreement shall lead to a court case in a bid to resolve the conflict. All parties are obliged to adhere to the laws governing licensing contracts in order to avoid conflicts (Fox 2008). Appropriate measures should be put to avoid the conflicts in future. Legal experts from both sides shall be involved in the interpretation of the licensing law in order to avoid any risks of misinterpretation of the statutory provision. Termination of the contract shall be based on the expiry of the duration of the contract (Gardner 2012). Other grounds for termination shall be based on breach of the contract by any of the parties as well as by a court order (Levy Judy 2011). In the event of such a termination, all the dues owed to any party shall be settled. Licensing agreements and appropriate legal procedures that should be followed are thus instrumen tal to the success of a business.